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Dravidian and Mongolian Genetic Relationship:
A Case for Reconsideration
G. Uma Maheshwar Rao
University of Hyderabad ,India
ABSTRACT
The hypothesis that there exists a distant genetic relationship between Dravidian and Scythian, albeit a hypothetical family comprising the Uralian, the Turkic, the Mongolic, and the Tungusic languages has attracted the attention of a considerable number of researchers in the field (Burrow 1943, Menges 1969, Bouda 1953, Vachek 1983, 86). Today, the grouping of Uralian and Altaic families and even the genetic unity of Altaic itself has come under serious criticism. In this context it would be appropriate to take a serious look at what Bouda has said nearly half a century ago that "The genetic nature of Dravidian is Altaic and the non-Altaic features of Dravidian are probably due to later substrata or adstrata met with and absorbed by Dravidian in India ". If this hypothesis were to be tested today one would take a practical and more realistic approach by establishing first the genetic relationship between Dravidian with one of the well established and unquestioned subgroup or sub-family i.e. Mongolic or the Mongolian family of languages. This paper provides a comprehensive evidence in the form of lexical cognates and phonological correspondences and shared lexical ambiguities between Dravidian and Mongolian. This study is based on over three hundred common etyma with cognates across various Dravidian and Mongolian languages.
1.0 Introduction: The hypothesis that Dravidian and Mongolian are related is as old as the establishment of the Dravidian family of languages itself. There have not been many efforts to solve the riddle that there exits a 'genetic' relationship between Mongolian and Dravidian sparing a few occasional papers published earlier (Bouda 1953, Menges 1964) and recently (Vachek, 1983, 1986, Rao 2001). The present paper is an effort towards providing evidence in the form of lexical cognates and phonological correspondences. What is interesting is evidence comes forth not only from the number of cognates identified but also from certain parallels originating from the etymologically related words. Evidence can be gathered in all sorts of vocabulary like pronouns, numerals, body parts, animal names and direction words etc. The study has some far reaching effects on the identity of North Dravidian particularly with respect to the place of Brahui among the Dravidian languages. Some of the basic resources that the study is based on, include Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (Revised edn. Burrow and Emeneau 1984 = DEDR), Introduction to Mongolian Comparative Studies (Poppe 1955 = IMCS), Introduction to Altaic Linguistics (Poppe 1965 = IAL), and Mongolian-English Dictionary (Altangerel 1997 = MED). It is well-known that typologically the languages of the Dravidian and the Mongolian families share a considerable number of structural similarities. Common Mongolian had eight vowels (four front /e, O, Y, i/ and four back /a, o, I, u/. A peculiar feature of the Modern Mongolian languages is the contrast of long vowels with short vowels. Vowel harmony is considered as a common phenomenon to all Mongolian languages. The consonantal system of Common Mongolian has five places of articulation viz. labial, dental, alveolar, palatal, and velar. The contrast and the distribution of voiced and voiceless obstruents is less understood. In Modern Mongolian the alternation of voice and voiceless obstruents /t:d/ and /x : g/ is widespread (Sanzheyev, 1973). Usually the syllable final stops are voiced or lenis. The Common Mongolian *p is preserved only in Monguor (Mong.) as a spirant /f/ round vowels, and as /X/ before back unround vowels and as a sibilant before high front vowel. In certain dialects it is preserved as /h/. The Common Mongolian had the following consonants: *p, *t, *c, *k, *b, *d, *j, *g, *s, *v, *y, *m, n*, *n^, *l, and *r. None of the liquids /r and l/ occur at the beginning of words. Like in many Dravidian languages, the loan words beginning with r take a prothetic vowel; Ex. Erdene 'jewel' < (Skt. ratna), arsaan 'chemical' (< Skt. rasaayana), araha (< Skt. raahu) etc. There is evidence for the devoicing of word initial voiced consonants in loan words as in Mo. tiv 'continent' (< Skt. dviipa). Consonantal clusters in loan words are simplified as in garag (< Skt. graha) 'planet', and also voiced intervocalically as in KMo. sudar 'book, text book' (< Skt. suutra 'rule, formula').
2.0 The Methodology: The methodology followed assumes that "... the successful methods for establishing distant genetic relationship ... have not been different from those used to validate any family relationship, near or not ...." ( Campbell 1996). Some standard considerations include Recurrent phonological correspondences between Dravidian and Mongolian in dissimilar sounds, besides, the presence of a considerable portion of vocabulary sharing phonological similarity coupled with semantic relatedness both in Dravidian and Mongolian providing supporting evidence for the assumption that there existed a common source for Dravidian and Mongolian. On the considerations of some of these standard criteria, the evidence is presented in three parts, i) Strongest evidence in terms of certain sound correspondences coupled with fairly close semantic associations in the sets of words compared; ii) Supporting evidence in the form of common basic vocabulary, verbs, nouns and among other minor categories of words; iii) Additional evidence including some of the more questionable ones in the form of a list of shared vocabulary.
3.0 The Evidence: Evidence for the demonstration of genetic relationship between the Dravidian and Mongolian come forth from three different dimensions: i) Lexical equations between Mongolian and Dravidian based on the sound and the semantic similarities in a considerable portion of the vocabulary particularly in basic verbs, nouns and other minor categories; ii) Recurrent phonological correspondences between Mongolian and Dravidian in dissimilar sounds; iii) Semantic parallelism in the in the related groups of words between Mongolian and Dravidian. Though one would like to see shared morphological aberrancy between the two language groups being compared as a clinching evidence, the agglutinative morphology of the Mongolian and Dravidian makes it rather difficult at the present.
3.1.1. Some basic verbs common to Mongolian and Dravidian
1. Mo. a- 'to be'; Dag. aa id.; Al.B. adza 'being', MMo. a- 'to be'; WMo. a- id. : 333 PD *aa- 'to be, to become', aa-kk 'to make', aan-/an- 'to be'; aa-p 'to become', aa-pp 'to make'. Cognates of this verb occur in all Dravidian languages.
2. Mo. doloox `to lick, to lap up', doligonox 'to flatter, to lick s'one's boots/sb's arse, to suck up (to sb)'; WMo. doluGa id., CM daluGa id. Mong. dooli 'to lick', Bur. dolood. Kalm. dolaa id.: 3570 Dr.: Ta. nakku to lick, lap'; Ko. nak-'to lick'; To. nok- id.; Ka. nakku, nekku id.; Kod. nakk-'to lick'; Tu. nakkuni, (B-K. also) nekkuni'to lick, lap'; Te. naaku 'to lick'; Kol. nak- id.; Nk. naak- id.; Pa. neek- id.; Ga. (Oll. S.) naak- id.; Go. (Tr. Ph.) naakaana, (W.) naakina, (Mu. Ma. S. Ko.) naak- id. Konda naak- (naakt-) id. Pe. naak-, (B.) nan(g)-, (nant-) id. Mand. nek- id.; Kui naaka 'to lick, lap'; Kuwi (F.) nakali, (Su. Isr.) naak- 'to lick, lap'. Also see,: 3633 Ta. naa, naakku, naavu tongue; Ma. naa, naakku, naavu tongue. Ko. naalg id.; naav tongue, esp. of a slaughtered cow or buffalo. To. noof tongue, eddy; Ka. naalage, naalige tongue; Te. naalika, naaluka, naalka id.; Kol. naalka id. Nk. naalka id. Pa. neevad id. Ga. (Oll.) naan, (S.) naangu id. Konda naalika id. At Pre-Dravidan stage the two etyma for 'lick' and 'tongue' can be reconstructed as *nalk and *naalk respectively.
3. Mo. mOn `it is so, yes, correct', mOnx `eternal, eternity, everlasting', mOnxzhix `to be(come) eternal, to last forever, endure': 4778 Dr. Ta. mannu `to be permanent, endure, remain long', mannal `permanence'; Ma. mannuka `to stand fast'; Te. manu `to live, exist, behave', manniki `existence, living', mannu `to last, be durable'; Nk. (Ch.) man- `to be'; Pa. men- (mend-, mett-) `to be, to stay'; G. (Oll.) man- id.; Go.(many dial.) man- (mand-, matt-) `to be, remain, abide'; Kon. man- (maR-) `to be, to stay, dwell', Pe. Mand. man- (mac-) id.; Ku. manba `to be, exist, remain, abide'; Kw. man- `to be, remain, exist'; Kur. manna `to become'; Malt. mene `to be or become, grow or be produced'; Br. manning (mar-, ma-, past mass-) `to become, be'.
4. Mo. martax `to forget', WMo. marta id., MMo. marta id., Mong. muSda id., Urd., Bur., Dag. marta id., : 4760 Dr.: Ta. mara (-pp-, -nt-) id., marappu, marati `forgetfulness'; Ma. marakka id.; Ko. marv (mard-) id.; To. mar- (mar0-) id.; Ka. mare id.; Te. maracu id.; Go. (Tr.) marengana id.
5. Mo. mOrg `to bow, salute'; WMo. mOrgO `to bow, to make a prostration', Dag. mYrgY id., Mong. murgu : 5123 Ka. mozgu, mokku `to bow, bend', Te. m(r)okku `salute', Nk. mokku `to bow down in reverence', Pa. mork 'to salute', Go. (S. Ko.) mork `to salute, bow down, worship'.
6. Mo. naad `to play'; WMo. naGadum 'play'; MMo. naadu id., Dag. naad id., Mong. naadin id., Urd. naad id., naadum id., CM naGad 'to play' : 347 PD *aat-u 'to play' (Krishnamurti 2003); Dr.: Te. aadu `to play, sport, dance, move'; Ta. aatu `to move, wave, act, play, sport'; Cognates exist in most Dravidian languages.
7. Mo. nexex `to weave, knit' nexmel `knitted, woven, textile', nexmelcin `weaver'; WMo., MMo. neke 'to weave', Mong. niki Urd. neHxe id., Kalm. neka id. : 3745 PD *nec/ney 'to weave' (Krishnamurti 2003); Dr.: Ta. ney id., neyvar `the caste of weavers'; Ma. neyka id., neyttu `weaving'; Ko. nec id.; Ka. neyy-, neey- id., Te. neey-, neyy- id.; Go. (Koya Su.) necc- id.; Kon. neey- (-t-) id.; Kur. essna id.; Malt. ese `to plait, do mat work'.
8. Mo. OvdOx `to be ill (with), ailing, sick, feel pain', tolgoi OvdOx `to have a head ache': 3793 Dr.: Ta. no (-v- -nt-) `feel pain, ache, suffer, be grieved', novu `pain, disease'; Ka. no (nond) `to suffer, pain, ache', nota `ache, pain'; Te. nocc (novv-/nov-/no-) `to ache, pain, be grieved'.
9. Mo. unda `drink', und `tea': WMo. umdaGan 'drink, beverage', umdaGas 'to be thirsty', Mog. undo 'beverage'; Mong. undase 'to be thirsty'; Urd. undaas id., Bur. unda 'beverage'; 600 PD *uHN/uuN 'to eat, drink'; Dr. : Ta. uN- `to eat or drink, suck'; To. uN id.; Go. uND `to drink'; Kol. uN- id.; Kur. onna (ondas) `to drink or eat'; Malt. one (ond) `to drink'.
10. Mo. xaax `to close, block, obstruct, shut off', xavtas `binder, cover, folder', xavxag `lid, cover'; WMo. qaGa id. MMo. qa'a id. qa'alGa 'door'; Dg., Mong., Urd., Bur., Kalm. Xaa id.; CM. qava; : 1221 PD *kapp /*kav-V (Krishnamurti, 2003) 'to cover'; Dr.: Ta. kappu to overspread (as a cloud); kavi to cover, overspread, overshadow, surround; kavippu 'covering, canopy, umbrella'; kavicanai 'wrapper, envelope, cover, sheath', ; Ma. kappuka 'to cover, overspread'; kaviyan 'wrapper, pillowcase'; kaviccal 'inundation, encroachment'; Ko. kavc- 'to cover with a garment'; To. kofc- 'to cover; Ka. kappu 'to cover; spread, extend, overspread, surround', kavi 'to cover, overspread, come upon, rush upon, attack'; n. 'a rushing upon, etc.', kavicu, kavacu, kavucu 'to put upon, cause to come upon, etc.', ; Tu. kabiyuni 'to besiege, surround, overwhelm, overspread (as clouds)', ; Te. kappu 'to cover, overspread, envelope, conceal; spread, extend', n. 'a cover, darkness, blackness', kappudu 'a cover or covering', kappiri 'duskiness, partial darkness', kaviyu 'to spread, approach, fall upon, rush against, attack'; Pa. kapp- 'to cover, overspread'; Konda kap- '(clouds) to overcast the sky'; Kuwi (S.) kaph'nai 'to outflank'; Kur. khapna 'to cover exactly, fit upon hermetically, stick fast to or together'.
11. Mo. xOdOl, xOdlOx `to move, stir, budge, start, set out, depart, leave', xOdOlgOOn `movement, motion', xOdOlgOx `to move, work'; WMo. kOdel 'to move'; kOtel 'to lead', MMo. gOdOl id. kOtOl 'to lead (a horse)';, Mong. gudoli id. kutoli 'to lead', Urd. kOdOl id. gOtOl 'to lead', Kalm. kOdl id.: 1188 PD *katal id.; Dr.: Ta. katalu `to move, shake', kati `to hasten, move rapidly', kataz `to be hasty, run swiftly'; Ka. kadadu, kadalu `to be shaken, agitated'; Te. kadalu, kadaliMcu kadalcu `to move, shake, stir, totter', kadalu, kadalika `motion', kadamu 'the trot of a horse, a step, stride'; Nk. Kadal `to move'; Kon. kadli (-t-) `to shake, stir, move'.
12. Mo. xarax `to see, look (at, over, through), watch', xaraa `sight, vision':1443 Dr.: Ta. kaaN- `to see, consider, investigate, become visible, appear' n. `sight'; Ka. kaaN `to see, appear'; Te. kanu/kan-, kaancu `to see'; kaanupu `seeing, sight'; Kur. khanna `to be pleasant to the eye, be of good effect, suit well'; Br. xaning `to see'.
13. Mo. xiix `to do, act, perform, to make' xiilg 'to cause someone to do', WMo. ki 'to do, to make, to put', MMo. ki id., Dag. kii 'to do', Mog. ke, ki id., Mong. gi 'to do' Urd. kii 'to do', Bur. Xe id., XYYl 'to cause to do'; : 1957 PD *key 'to do' (Krishnamurti 2004), Dr.: Ka. key, kai `to perform, do, make, work'; To. kiy (kis) `to do, to make'; Kod. key `to work'; Ta. cey `to do, make, create, cause'; Te. ceyu id.; Go. ki- `to do, make, prepare'; Kon. ki- id.; Mand. ki- id.
14. Mo. xolix `to mix (with), blend (with), adulterate', lump together, confuse, mix up', xolimog `mixed, combined', xolildox `to mix, blend with sb/sth, to be/get mixed up in sth.':1299 Dr. Ka. kali-, kale `join, be mixed'; Te. kalayu/kaliyu id.; Go. kali- `to meet, join', kalp `to mix'; Kur. khalna ` to dilute, mix with water or other liquid'.
15. Mo. xumix `to gather up, fold up', WMo. qumi id., Urd. xumi id., Kalm. xOmi 'to contract, to pull toward the center': 1741 Ta. kumi `to be heaped up, accumulate, to gather'; Ma. kumiyuka, kumekka `to be heaped up, stack, pile'; Ka. gumi `heap, crowd, multitude'; Te. gumi, gumpu id.; Pa. Kum `to heap on to'.
16. Mo. xur `precipitation, rain or snow': 1907 Dr. Te. kuriyu `to rain, precipitate'; Pe. gur `to fall down'; Ku. kur `to fall over';
17. Mo. bUteex 'to cover, cover up, to put on a lid bUrees 'cover, case', bUslet 'siege, blocade', bUslex 'to gird, belt, encircle, surround'; Dr. 4915 Ta. mUy, muccu 'to cover, fill, surround closely, a cover; Ka. muccu id., Te. muuyu 'cover, cover up, shut up, close', muuta 'lid', musugu 'cover, veil'; Nk. mus id. Pa. muy id., Go. mucc id.; Kur. muccnaa 'to close a door or a lid, shut'; Malt. mucce id. Br. must 'shut, close'
18. Mo. siiruulex `to become thin, make thinner, siireg `not thick, thin, sparse, rarefier, siirex `to thin out, become thin, siix `to thin, to become widely spaced: 2503 PDr. *cir-kuu, Ta. cikker `to become lean, thin, cikal `to diminish, decrease, perish; Tu. tirkuni `to be lean, weak, sirkuni `to fade, shrivel, become weak, lean, fall off, tirku, sirku `fading, weakness, faintness; Te. cikku `to become lean or thin; Pa. cing `declines after midday ; Go (Tr.Ph.) sirana `to grow thin, sirtor `weak, sir `thin; Kond. sik(-t-) `to be reduced (as body), fail (in flesh), pine in fear, etc. also 2491, 1622.
19. Mo. Sigdex `to get stuck in sth, to get bogged down in sth': 2498 Dr.: Ta. cikku `to become entangled, be caught'; Ka. sikku, sigu, silku id. Te. cikku id., Go. (Tr.) hilk `to be caught up, entangled, or stuck in anything, Kol.(Pat.) sikkeng `to get stuck', Pa. cirng id.
20. Mo. Singelex `to thin, dilute', Singen `thin, watery, weak (of fluids), thin, scanty, sparse (of hair, beard etc.)' :2503 Te. cikku `to become lean, thin', Ta. cinku `to diminish,wane, decrease, faint, fail, drop'.
21. Mo. selgex `to change, exchange, shift, alternative turns, (vowel interchange) to move from place to place', seluun `free (of streets, public place etc.) empty, not crowded', selex `to row a boat', selex `to change, alternate': 2781 Dr. Ta. cel `to go, flow, pass, occur, pass (as coin), be suitable, acceptable, pass away as time, disappear as anger, perish, die, n. career, course, payment of debt, period that has elapsed';
22. Mo. xalox 'to be hot', xaliix 'to warm up, heat up', WMo. qalaGun 'hot', MMo. qala'un id.; Mong. Xaloon id. ; Dag. Xaloon id., Urd. Xaluun id., Bur. Xaluun^ id., Mog. qalOYn id. : 1500 PD *kaaL Dr.: Ma. kaaluka 'to burn, flame'; Te. kaalu 'to burn' scorched, to be fired, to be hot'; Compare etymon 1458 PD *kaay-, *kaa-nku v.i.; kaa-nkku v.t., Ta. kaay 'to grow hot, burn, be warm', kaanku 'heat, feverishness'; Te. kaanka 'warmth, heat, anger, hot', kaagu 'to be heated, warmed, boiled'; Br. xaaxar 'fIre, anger, jealousy'.
23. Mo. xorox 'to diminish, decrease, drop, dwindle, die', xorox 'to cause to diminish, reduce, shorten': 1767 Dr.: Ta. kuranku 'to bend, incline, droop, hang down, diminish', kungu 'to decrease, diminish, sink', Te. k(r)ungu 'to sink, faIl down'; 1826 Te.krunku (mod. gunku guuku) 'to sink, plunge, sel (as the Sun), die', Pe. krun(g) 'to sink, submerge', Mand. krung id., kruk 'to submerge, make to drown'; Compare with etyma under 1851 PD *kuRu-ay; Ta. kuRu 'to become short, contract, shrink', kuRuku 'to grow short, stumpy, dwarfish, shrink, be reduced, decrease', kuRukku 'to shorten, reduce'.
3.1.2 Some basic nouns Common to Dravidian and Mongolian:
1. Mo. adag `end, mouth of a river, bed of a river, after all'; : Dr.:72. Te. adugu `foot, bottom, basis', adime `slavery, save, bondman'; Go.(G) adi `beneath', Mu. arke `below', (Ko.) adgi `underneath'; Kon. adg `below, underneath'; Ta. ati `foot, base, bottom, source, origin', atimai `slavery, servitude'; Ma. ati `sole of a foot, footstep, bottom, base', atima `slavery, slave'; Ka. adi `foot, measure, step, base'; Also see 278 Ta. azi `place where lagoon joins the sea', azivu `mouth of a river'; Ma. azi `bank, river mouth'; Ka. azave id. Tu. aluve:: Also compare Mo. alxaa, walk, gait, alxam `step, pace', alxax `to step, walk, stride, pace, tread'; WMo. alqu 'to step'; Mong. argu 'step'.
2. Mo. bUten `whole, complete, full, entire, perfect, defectless': 5119 Dr.: Ta. mottam `sum, aggregate, total, whole'; Ma. `whole total'; Ka. motta `heap, mass'; Te. mottamu `total, sum, whole, multitude, number'.
3. Mo. ix, ixax `big, large, grand, much, many, very': 768 Ka. ekkate `greatness, wonder, eminence; Te. ekku `to increase, rise, accumulate', ekkudu `great, much, excessive', ekkuva `excess, more, much, very', ekkadi `noble, great, a hero'.
4. Mo. nar `sun', nyam `Sunday', Dag. nar id.; Urd nara id.; Mog. naran id. CM *naran : 2910 Ta. ñaaru `sun', Ma. ñaaru, ñaayiru id., Ka. nesaru id., Te. niir (in niirenda `sunshine') id.
5. Mo. noxoi `dog', WMo. noqai id., MMo. noqai id., Mog. noqEi id., Mong. noXuE id., Dag. noG id., Urd. noXO id., Kalm. noXA id. : 3650 Kon. nukudi `dog', pe. nikudi, nekudi id., Ku. nakudi, nahodi id., Kw. neh'udi id., Ta. nai, naai id., Ma. naay id., Go. nayyi, ney id.
6. Mo. nOxOr `friend, comrade, companion', nOxOx `to patch, to make up for, to patch on a whole', nOxtsOx `to become intimate with, to be keen on, to become mad about': 3602 Ta. naya `to desire greatly, long for', nee `love, companion, mercy', neecan `friend, ally', Te. naya `gentle, soft', neccali `friend', neyyamu `friendship, love', nestamu id. (*naya < Pre-Dr. **naka).
7. nYxe 'hole, operture, depression (geogr.), opening', WMo. nYke id., MMo. nYke 'to make hole',Dag. nYgY id., Mong. nokuo id., Urd. nYxe id., Al.B. nYxen^ id., Kalm. nYkn id.: 3706 Dr.: Te. nuyi, nuyyi, nuyi 'a well', Kol. nuvvi id., Nk. nuvvi id., Nk. ( Ch. ) uy, uvvi id., Go. (Ko.) nuy id., Kond. (BB) nuy id., Kw. (S.) nuyi id.
8. Mo, OndOg 'egg', WMo. OendYg id., MMo. Omdegen id., Mog. YndGoon id., Mong. ndige id., Mog. YndaGoon id., Urd. OndOgOn id., Kalm. Ondagn id., also compare Yral 'small ball, drop' : 664b Ta. untai 'ball anything round', Ma. U1.Jfa 'ball, globe', Te. unda id. Pe. ronda 'egg', Mand. runda 'egg'. 664a Ta. uruntu 'car wheel, anything that rolls or turns as a ball', Ma. urunta 'ball', Ka. urunda, uradi 'ball, bulb, round vessel'.
9. Mo. terga `cart, car' :3459 Ta. teer `temple car, vehicle, chariot', Ka. teer(u) `chariot, idol car', Tu. teeru `idol car, the car festival', Te. teeru id.
10. Mo. toga `amount, quantity, figure, number, numeral' : 3476 Ta. tokai `assemble, accumulate, form as a whole, be summed up, totalled, sum up, add, summarize', tokuti 'total, class, collection etc.'; Ma. tuka `sum, whole amount, assembly, collection'.
11. Mo. tolgoi `head, tip, top of a hill, in the phrase per head' : 3103 Ta. Ma. talai `head, tip, top end', Ka. tale `head', Te. tala(kaaya) `head', Ku. tlau `head, hair of head', Kol. tal id.
12. Mo. tulgar `first, beginning, founding, new' :3516 Te. toli `beginning, commencement, first, former, previous, old, ancient, formerly, previously', tolakari `early rains, onset of rains', Ko. tolvi·r `first pregnancy', Ta. tol `old, ancient', tollai `antiquity, ancientness', Go. tolle `first'.
13. Mo. tYrYY 1. `ear, spike' , tYrYYlex 'to form ears (agri.)': 3482 Dr. Te. tod(u)gu, tod(u)vu 'to sprout as of leaves, buds, to put on a coat, cover, sheath etc.'; Ta. totu (totuv-, tott-) `to put on , wear, ornaments'; Kon. toR- (-t-) id., Kol. tor- id. Compare also 3487 Te. todime footstalk of leaf fruit or flower, totka (dial.) `stalk', Ka. tottu, todambe id. Ma. tottu id.
14. Mo. tYrYY 2. 'recently, not long ago, first, beginning'; tYrYYlex 'be ahead, to outstrip, leave behind, to be first', tYrYYc 'beginning, previous, earlier'; WMo. terigYn beginning, first, initial, head', MMo. teri'Yn id., Dag., Bur. tYrYn^ 'initial'., Kalm. tYrYn 'beginning'; Urd. tYrYY 'head';: 3481 Dr. Te. toTTu, toDagu, toDaru 'to commence, begin, initiate', Ta. toTu 'to begin, occur, happen, come into being', toTakku `to begin', Ma. toDuka id. Malt. torge 'to be readiness for action', Br. durring, durrenging 'to dare, venture'.
15. Mo. zaan `elephant', WMo. yagan id. : 5161 Ta. (y)aanai id., Ma. aana id., Ko. To. a.n id., Ka. (y)aane id., Te. eenugu id., Pa. eenu id.
3.1.3 Phonological correspondences: In a considerable number of etyma stable sound correspondences among word initial consonants include such as Dr. /k/ :: Mo. /x/; Dr. /t/ :: Mo. /t or d/; and Dr. /p/ :: Mo. Ø. Besides these, there are certain recurrent phonological correspondences between Dravidian and Mongolian in dissimilar sounds as in the following:
3.1.3.1 Dr. *l/*L/*Z:: Mo. /s/: In an impressive number of etyma phonological correspondences between Dravidian laterals and Mongolian /s/ in word final positions are observed. There is evidence from one etymological group in Mongolian (corresponding to DEDR 3726) exhibiting s/l variation, indicating that word final laterals of different origin in Mongolian have changed to Modern Mongolian /s/.
1. Mo. Es(on) `a rule, law, custom' : 5157 Ta. (y)aa( `to rule, control, manage', Te. eelu id. eeluba(i `rule, government'.
2. Mo. Ys `hair, fur, tendril, scale' : 506b Ta. i(ai `yarn', Ma. i(a `thread, long hair', Tu. ile `hair, fibre, thread', Ku. ees-pa `to spin'
3. Mo. es `cell' : 494 Ta. il `house, home', Ma. il `house, place', Te. illu `house, dwelling', Ku. i(u `house, dwelling, shed, hut'.
4. Mo. es `not' : 2559 Ta. il `non-existence, illai `it is not, no', Ma. illa `does not exist, it is not, no, not', Pa. cila `does not exist', Go. (dial.) sille, hille, ille `not, no'.
5. Mo. noos `wool, hair', nooluur `down, soft wool' (evidence for -s/-l variation) : 3726 Ta. nuul `yarn, cotton thread, string', Te. nuulu `cotton thread'.
6. Mo. toos(on) `dust' : 3283 Ta. tuu(, tuka( `dust, particle of dust', Ma. tuu( id., Te. duugara id., Kol. tuuk id.
7. Mo. yas `bone, skeleton', WMo. yasun id., MMo. yasun id., Dag. yas id., Mong. yAse id., Urd. yasu id., Mog. josun id., Kalm. yasn id. : 839 PD *el-Vm/n- Dr.: Ta. elumpu, enpu id., Ma. ellu, elumpu, elpu id.; Ko. elv id., To. eLf id., Ka. elu, elubu id., Kod. elYmbY id., Tu. elu id., Kor. el-kade id., Te. emmu, emuka (<*elmuka) id. This is one of the instances where the Pre-Dravidian **el corresponds to CM *yas.
3.1.3.2 Dr. /*m/ :: Mo. /b/: In an appreciable number of etyma phonological correspondences between Dravidian *m and Mongolian /b/ in the word initial position when followed by front vowels in a majority of cases as in the following examples. Similar correspondences were noticed between Brahui and other Dravidian languages (Krishnamurti, 1969).
1. Mo. bulan(g) `1. corner, angle, nook' , 2. part, morsel': 5044 Ta. mulai `corner'; Ma. mula id.; Ka. mole id. Kod. mullu id.; Te. mula id.; 2. 4962 Ta. muttai `lump, large mass'; Te. mudda, lump, mass, morsel' (!muttai < *mul+tai).
2. Mo. bUten `whole, complete, full, entire perfect, defectless': 5119 Ta. mottam `sum, aggregate, total, whole'; Ma. `whole total'; Ka. motta `heap, mass'; Te. mottamu `total, sum, whole, multitude, number'.
3. Mo. bYrYi `dusk' : 4621 Ka. masul, grow dim, Ta. maial, mayol, masul, Te. masaka id. Ma. mayal, dusk,dim Te. masaka, Kur. mahuri
4. Mo. belc `to graze' : 5093 Br. bei `grass fit for grazing', Kur. menna `to graze', Malt. mine id., Ta. meey id., Te. meeyu id.
5. Mo. bel `waist' : 4986 SCDr., CDr.: Te. mola, malugu `waist', Kon. mola id. Go. molkI `back', but compare etymon 4985 SDr.: Ta. mulai, Ko. mel, mol `breast, Ka. Kod. mole id. In Dravidian there is a semantic shift corresponding to the distribution of the languages of SDr. vs. other groups is an indication that the two etyma should be brought under one.
6. Mo. belge `sign, mark': 4629 Ka. macca, maccu `mark, sign of identity, Te. maccu `sample,specimen, type, model'.
7. Mo. bie `body', WMo., MMo. beje id., Mong. bIye id., Dag., Bur. beye id., : 5073 Ta. mey id. Ma. mey, mai id., Te. meyi, mee, may id. also compare 5099: Ta. Ma. meeni/meel `body', Te. meenu, meeni id.
8. Mo. bi `(1 person singular) I', (obl. min/nad/nam-), bid(en) `(1 person plural) we', (obl. biden- man-) : 5154 Ta. yaam `we excl.' (obl. em-), ñaanka( (enka(-) id., Ma. ñaanka( (enka(-) id., Te. eemu, neemu, meemu (mana-, maa-) id., Go. (dial.) ama", nama", mama", mamo, mama, maa", mara" (maa-) `we', Kur., Malt. eem (em-) id. Mo. bi `I' must have been etymologically related to bid `we' without the plural suffix -d.
9. Mo. bex `ink' : 5101 Ta. masi, mai `collyrium for the eye, ink, ink-paste, black pigment, dirt', Ka. masi `dirt, impurity, the black of culinary vessels, soot, lamp black, ink', Kod. Masi `charcoal', Te. masi `blackness, sootishness, charcoal, ink'.
3.1.3.3 Dr. /*n, *ñ/ :: Mo. /t or d/: In a considerable number of etyma, phonological correspondences between Dravidian *n and Mongolian /t or d/ in word initial position when followed by front vowels can be shown as in the following etyma:
1. Mo. dOrvan `four' : 3655 Ta. naal, naalu, naaºku,naalku `four', naaRR `fourfold', naa naaRkaali `chair', Te. naalugu id.,Kur. naax `fourthings', naib `four (animal or things)'.
2. Mo. dYYr `to fill' : 3672 Ta. niRa-, niRai- id.; or with 3682 niºR-, niR- `fill, full'.
3. Mo. delxii `the earth, world, land' : 2913 Ta. Ma. ñaalam `earth, land', Te. neela id., Go. neeli, neel id.
4. Mo. doloox `to lick, lap up',doligonox `to flatter, to lick s'one's boots' : 3570 Ta. nakk `to lick, lap', Ka. nakku, nekku id., Tu. nakkuni, nekkuni id., Te. naaku id., Pa. neek id., Mand. neek id. :Compare words for tongue in Dr. under 3633 Ta. Ma. naakku `tongue', Ko. na.lg id., Ka. naalage, naalige id., Te. naalika id.
5. Mo. tYYl-EE `pick, pluck, harvest' : 3717 Ta. nu((, Te. nulucu id.
6. Mo. tuulai `a hare', WMo. tavalai id., MMo. ta'ulai id., Dag. taulee id. ; Mong. tuulii id., Urd. tuulA id., Bur., Kalm. tuulA id. : 4968 Ta. muyal, mucal `hare', Ma. muyal id., Tu. muyeru id., Go. molol id., Kur. munya id., Malt. munye id. (The PDr. form *muñal 'a hare' is derived from Pre-Dravidian **ñumal through metathesis, Cf. Fin. nyoammel id. Hg. nyul id. (Burrow 1968:136-7).
7. Mo. telex `to stretch out, to broaden, widen, gain in breadth, extend, expand, dilate' : 3662 Ka. ni1/2(u)ku `to stretch oneself (upwards), rise upto', Tu. nilkuni id., Te. nikku (ni1/2-ku) `to stand erect, rise', Go. nikko `to stretch forward', Ma. nika1/2am nika1/2ikka `to swell, strut'; also compare 3692 Ta. nii1/2 `to be long, great, n. length, extension, elongation, nii1/2a `great length or distance', nii1/2i (-pp-/-tt-) `to be lengthened, extended', Ma. ni1/2uka `to extend oneself, grow long', nii1/2a, nii1/2e `far' , Ka. nii1/2 `to grow long, high, extend, be stretched out', nii1/2a `extension', Te. niilugu `to stretch, strut'.
8. Mo. tos(on) `butter, oil, grease' : 3746 Ta. Ma. ney `butter, oil, grease, fat', Te. neyyi id., Ku. niju id. Kur. neta `fat, grease', Malt. nenya `fat of an animal'.
4.0 Parallel lexical ambiguities found among the shared cognates in Mongolian and Dravidian may be considered as additional evidence to sustain the hypothesis that Mongolian and Dravidian have common origins, as in the following etymological groups: 4293/4333, 3142/3143, 784/2901, 568/651, 5429, 1774/1818, 2337/2338 in DEDR. Now there is evidence to say that the above words listed as polysemous words under single entries in Modern Mongolian dictionaries(Cf. Altangerel, 1997) have historically developed from the merger of more than one etymon in Mongolian.
1. Mo. buruu 1.`incorrect, erroneous, wrong, mistaken', `error, mistake, guilt, fault'; 2. `left, left hand side of a person or an animal'; WMo. buruGu 'wrong'; MMo. buru'u 'mistake'; Dag. boroo 'incorrect'; Urd., Bur., Kalm. buruu id. : 4293 Ta. purai `defect, blemish, falsehood', puraippu `fault, flaw, defect', purivu `error', Ka. pore, porake `error, mistake, fault', Te. pora `error, misunderstanding, duplicity, fraud', porabaaTu `error, mistake, fault'. The second sense `left, leftside' given against the Mo. word may be compared with the Telugu pura in pura ceyyi `left hand' listed under the etymon 4333 with a question mark.
2. Mo. daraa 1a. `afterwards, the next time', daraac `next, following, successive', 1b. darax `to press down, pin down, affix, press a stamp, crush' : 3142 Ka. taru-vaay 1.`order, succession', Te. taruvaayi `subsequent time, sequence, sequel, taruvaata afterwards, next'; 1b. Ta. taru `to fasten', tarai `to rivet, drive in (nails)', Ka. tari `state of being put in or down, fixed', Tu. tarapuni `to rivet, fasten firmly'.
3. Mo. daraa 2 `hindrance, obstacle' : 3143 Ta. taruku `to be hindered, checked', Ka. tarabu `to stop, restrain'.
4. Mo. naeman `eight' : 784 Ta. e""u id. e(- is the stem as in e(-patu `eighty', e(-nuuru `800', Ka. e("u id. e(bar `eight persons', Te. enimixi id.::Compare Mo. naemalji `crab' (<naeman+lji `lit. eight-legged one' (Cf. Poppe, 1970:90)) with that of 2901 Ta. ñe("u, ña("u, na("u `crab, lobster', Ka. e((ra id. Te. en(ri, en(rika id. The proposed cognates have an interesting and parallel development in both the groups of languages which may be considered as good evidence of shared innovation between these languages in the ancient past. The Dravidian word for crab *ñe(-tV may be related to the stem for eight *e(-ttV. The significant difference will be the loss of the stem initial ñ- in the word for eight which is an innovation in Dravidian.
6. Mo. xooloi 1.`throat, gullet, larynx, tube, pipe; 2. `voice, tune'; 1774: Ta. kural 1.`windpipe, throat', 2. `voice', Ma. kural 1.`throat', 2. `sound, voice'; Also compare with 1818 Ta. ku(al `tube, pipe, flute', Ka. ko(al `flute, fife', Te. kroolu, koolu, kroovi `flute, pipe'. The word in Mongolian probably was derived from two different etyma as the Dravidian words indicate.
7. Mo. zavaan 1.`tasteless, insipid', 2. `Disgusting, loathsome, dirty, unclean, sloppy; coarse, crude, rude, awkward, clumsy' : 2337 Ta. cappai `insipid, tasteless', Ka. sappane `flat, vaid, insipid, dull, etc.', Te. cappana `tasteless, insipidity, flat, dull'. The second set of senses in Mongolian word probably indicate a merger with another etymon, which may be compared against the Dravidian 2338 Ta. cappai `weak, lean, emaciated, useless, despicable, mean', Te. jabbu `weakness, sluggishness, poor, bad, inferior, defective, shabby'.
5.0 Lexical evidence: The following words have been found to show formal and semantic similarities between Mongolian and Dravidian. These words may provide prima facie evidence for the demonstration of the genetic relationship of these languages through their descent from the earlier common unity we call proto-Dravidian-Mongolian.
These words covering different lexical and semantic categories across nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, etc. may be shown to have common ancestry between Mongolian and Dravidian. Some of these words which we know as characteristic of Dravidian now may be shown to have common origin with those of Mongolian. They include words for negation, interrogatives, number words, direction words and certain words with special sounds. The following are the lexical equations proposed between Mongolian and Dravidian:
Mo. alag `multicoloured, motley, mixed, diverse, heterogeneous, spotted, speckled': 296 Ta. ala `to mingle, blend', alavu `to mix'; Ma. alayuka `to mix up, mingle'; Ka. ala, alavu `joining, contact'; Te. alamu `to mix with'.
Mo. ali `particle used in requesting sth: 251 Ka. ale `interjection used in calling to woman'; Pa. ale `exclamation used as vocative'; Kon. ale `a term of endearment used in addressing a familiar person; Pe. ale `a particle used with vacative'; Ku. `a term of affection addressed to a child'.
Mo. amuu `cereal, grain': 174 Dr.: Ta. ampali `porridge', amalai `boiled rice'. Ka. embali, amli `porridge made of jola, rice'; Te. ambali `gruel of rice, ragi etc.'; Kol. amba `cooked rice', ambal `food'; Go. ambil `gruel'; Kw. ambeli id.;
Mo. ax `elder brother, older, senior' : 24 Pa. akka `mother's father', Go. akko `grandfather', Pe. ako id., Ku. ake id.
Mo. alga `no, is not, there is not' : 234 Ta. al, alla `to be not so and so', Ma. alla `is not, not thus', Ka. alla `to be not so and so', Go. (h)alle id. Br. all- `to be not'.
Mo. als `far, remote, distant, future' :1 Ka. al `that place', Kod. alli `there', Te. alla, alladi `that, there'.
Mo. an^ `crack, split, rift, crevice' : 3818 Ka. pa´ga `state of being astride, or forked', Te. pa´ga `forked, pronged, parting'.
Mo. an^aix `to open wide, to gape, to yawn' : 34 Ta. a´gaa `to open the mouth', Tu. a´gaavuni `to yawn, gape, to oepen the mouth', Kur. a´gal'ana `to gape, open the mouth wide', Malt. a´gle `to gape'.
Mo. arban 'ten', WMo. arban id., MMo. harban id., Mong. Xarban id., Dag. Xarban id., Urd. arva id., Bur. arban^ id., Kalm. arvn id., CM *parban (-ban numeral classifier) `ten', : 3918 Ta., Ma. pattu 'ten', Ko. pat id., To. pot id., Ka. pattu, hattu id., Te. padi, pan- id.
Mo. barYYn `west' : 3852 Ta. pa"uñaayiRu `setting sun', Ma. pa"iññaayiRu `west', Tu. pa((ayi `the west', Go. pharaying, Te. pa(amara id.
Mo. barix `to hold, grasp, build', baril `handle', barige `holder, someone who holds something'; Te. bari `enclave'; Mo. barildaan `wrestling'.
Mo. but `bush, brushwood', WMo. buta id., Urd. buta id, Bur. buta id., Mong. buda id., : 4509 Ta. putal, potai `bush, low jungle, grass', Ko. pot `bush', Ka. pode `a thatch, bush, bundle, quiver', Te. poda, podaru `bush, thicket, shrub', Go. potke `bush'.
Mo. bOndgOr `sl. head, spherical, ball shaped one': Te. bonda `hollow pit, spherical body, head (sl.)'
Mo. bulan^ `1. corner, angle, nook' , 2. part, morsel': 5044 Ta. mulai `corner'; Ma. mula id.; Ka. mole id. Kod. mullu id.; Te. mula id.; 2. 4962 Ta. muttai `lump, large mass'; Te. mudda, lump, mass, morsel' (!muttai < *mul+tai).
Mo. bUten `whole, complete, full, entire perfect, defectless': 5119 Ta. mottam `sum, aggregate, total, whole'; Ma. `whole total'; Ka. motta `heap, mass'; Te. mottamu `total, sum, whole, multitude, number'.
Mo. ci 2nd sg. pl. `you, thee': 3684 To., Te., Tu., Nk. , Pa. Ga (oll.) Tn (S) in pe. En mand. In, Ku. Inu (-ni) id.
Mo. cix(an) `ear', WMo. cikin, ciqYn id., Mong. cigi id, Dag. ciki id., Urd. cix id., Mog. cikin id, Kalm. cikn id., Bur. sExEn^ id. : Dr. 1977 (a) Ta., Ma., Te. cevi; Ko. keyv, kev id., To. kYfy id., Ka. kivi id., Tu. kebi id., Kol., Nk. kev id.; Pa. Ga (oll.) kekol id.; Go. kev id., Kon. kibi, gibi id., Pe. kitul id., Mand. giy id., Kur. xebdaa id., Malt. qethwu id., Br. xaf id.
Mo. cYsa 'blood', WMo. cisun id., MMo. cisun id., Mong. ceju id., Dag. cos id., Urd. jusu id., Mog. cusun id., Kalm. cusn id. : Dr. 1931 Kur. xeso 'red, blood', xes 'blood'; Malt. qeso 'red', qesu 'blood'; Br. xisun 'red'; In all other Dravidian languages cognates exist in the sense of red. Palatalized forms are found in Ta., Ma., and Te. PD *ke-m/c).
Mo. cilex `to grow numb, stiffen': 2576 Ta. cilucilu (-pp-, -tt-) v. jilujilu `to feel chill, be cool', cillitu, jillitu `to become chill'; Ka. jillu `the sensation produced by touching cold water'; Te. jillumanu `to feel or be very cold or chill'; Pe. jila `cold'; Mand. Jilin id.; Kui. jili `cold, chill'; Kuwi. Julla innai `to be very cold'.
Mo. cagaan^ 'white', WMo. caGan id., CM caGaGan id., MMo. caqa'an id., Urd. cagaan id., Mong. cigaan id., ciGaan^ id., Bur. saGaan id., Kalm. caGaan id.: 2457 Dr. Ta. caay brilliance, light, beauty'; Ma. caaya 'beaty', caayam 'color, dye, paint', Ko. caayv 'color', Kod. caay 'beauty'; Te. caaya 'color (fair), brightness'.
Mo. cimx `pinch', cimxax `to pinch, nip, to sieze with tongs, pliers or pincers: 2540 Ta. cimintu `to tickle, pluck, pinch, prod'; Ka. cimutu `to press together, squeeze, pinch'; Tu. cimukuni id., cauntuni `to pinch, nip'; Te. cimudu `pinch, nip'.
Mo. dorno `east, eastern' : 3399a Ta. tuuRu `to enter, penetrate, pierce', Te. tuuru/duuru id., tuur(u)pu `east'.
Mo. dYY 'the younger brother', WMo. degYY id., MMo. de'Y id., Dag. deY id., Mong. diY id., Urd., Bur. dYY id. Mog. dOYn id. : 3085 Ta. tampi id.; Ma. tampi, tampan id., Ka. tamma id., Te. tambunru, tammuDu id., Go. tammur id.
Mo. el `all, whole number of s`thing, this, these', elbeg `abundant, plentiful' : 844 Ta. ellaam `whole, all', Ka. ella `all, everything, the whole' , Te. ella `all, whole', Kol. ittar el `both'.
Mo. em `woman, wife, feminine, female', emaa `grandmother, oldlady', WMo. emegen 'old woman', MMo. emege id., Dag. emeg 'wife', Mong. mugAn 'old woman', Urd. emegen id., kalm. emgn id. : 183 Ta. amma, ammani, ammai `mother, matron, lady', Te. ammaayi id. also attested in most Dravian languages.Mo. er `man, husband, masculine, male' : 399 Ta. aan, aal `man, husband, male, manliness', Ma. Ka. aan `male'.
Mo. erdem `education, learning, science, skill': 314 Ta. ari `to know, understand, perceive, ascertain, n. knowledge'; Ka. ari (arid-arit) `to know', arike `knowledge, information', arita `knowledge'; Te. erugu `to know, understand, perceive', eruka, erukuva `knowledge, understanding', eruku `gypsy, fortune-teller'; Kol. (Kin.) erka `knowledge'; Br. Harrifing `to inquire, ask'.
Mo. ereg `bank, shore, coast': 222 Ta. aruku `to approach', n. nearness, vicinity, neighbourhood, place, border, edge'; Ma. aru, aruvu `brim, edge, margin', ariku `border, edge, brink, neighbourhood, side, adjacent place'; Ka. argau, arigu, arugu `vicinity, border edge, margin'; Tu. aru, arugu `brim, edge, margin, border'; Te. arugu `to go, pass (of time), come, proceed, walk, (K. also) approach'.
Mo. gatlax `to crossover, ferry over, together, to overcome': 1109 Ta. kata `to pass through, traverse, cross, overcome, transgress, to go, proceed, pass, (as time, water, clouds etc.)'; Ka. kade `to passover, transgress, pass, elapse, get through'; Tu. kadapuni `to cross, ford, pass, elapse, surpass'; Te. kadacu gadacu, gaducu `to pass over, elapse, cross'; Kur. kattna `to cross, pass over or above, overtake and go beyond, surpass'; Malt. kate `to exceed, pass, cross'; Br.xarring `to proceed on foot'.
Mo. gerel `light, lightning, ray, beam, illumination': 1583 Ta. kilar `to rise, ascend, emerge, shoot up, increase, shine; n. light'; Te. keralu id. also see 1193 Ta. katir `to shine, glow, become manifest, ray of light, beam, light';
Ma. katir `ray'.
MMo. getesYn id., Dag. gedes id., Mong. gidiese id., Urd. gedYsY id., AgaB. getehen^ id., Mog. gesan id., Kalm. gesn id. : 1274 Ma. karaL, karuL `lungs and heart, liver, bowels, heart, mind'; Ka. karuL, karaLu `an entrail, the bowels, liver', Tu. karaLu 'the bowels, the liver'. Also see 1652 Ta. kuTar, kuTal, kuTalai 'bowels, intestines, entrails', Ma. kuTar, kuTal 'bowels, placenta, prolapsus ani, etc.', Ko. korN 'small intestines', To. kwIr id.
Mo. gaSYYn `bitter, sour', WMo. GasiGun 'bitter', MMo. qaSi'un, GaSYYn id., Mong gasen id., Urd. gaSYYn id., Mog. GaSYYn 'salt, salty' Al.B. gaSYYn^ id., Kalm. gaSYYn 'bitter' : 1249', Ta. kaya `to be bitter', kaca `to taste bitter', Ma. kaikka, kasakka `to be bitter, kaippu bitterness, sourish', Ko. kac- `to be bitter', To. koy- `to be bitter', Ka. kay, kasa, kasaku, kasaru, kasi, kasu, kasuru 'astringency, unripeness', Tu. kaipe, bitterness; kaskayi 'half-ripe', Te. kasu raw, unripe, kasugaya 'unripe fruit', kasuru 'unripe fruit'; cedu 'bitterness', Kol. send 'bitter', Nk. (Ch.) kayek 'unripe', Pa. kep- `to be sour or bitter', (S.) kaygatta 'bile', Ga. (S.) kembur, (S.2) keymbur 'bitter', Go. kay- `to be bitter', (Tr.) kehke 'bitter', Mand. kembel 'bitter', Kui (K.) kappeli id.; (W.) kasi 'a young undeveloped pumpkin', Kuwi (F.) kassa sour; kombelli 'bitter', Malt. qase `to become bitterish, insipid or vapid', Cf. Turner, CDIAL, no. 2974, Skt. kaSaaya- astringent, Pali kasaya-, kasava- id., kasaTa- bitter, acrid'.
Mo. gex `to say, speak, wish, want, intend, call' : 1955 Kur. kebnaa (keppas) `to scold, lecture', Ta. ceppu `to say, speak, declare, tell', Ma. ceppuka `to say', Te. ceppu `to say, tell, relate, narrate, recite'.
Mo. gOrOOs `antelope' : 1785 Go. kurs, kurus `antelope', Ku. kruhu, (P.) krusu `barking deer, jungle sheep', Kw. (S.) kluhu `antelope', (P.) kurhu id., Kol.(Hislop) kori id., Pa. kuri id., Ga. (Oll.) kuruy `deer'. Also compare 2165(b) Te. goRRe, in kukka-gorre `barking deer, Cervulus muntjas [also jungle sheep'; konda goRRe `deer or antelope', Kol. goria `deer', (Kin.) antelope, Go. (Ko.) gorre `four horned antelope', (L.) gore `deer'.
Mo. gadaa `out, outside', gaxna 'exterior, outward', gadagS 'to go out, come out' WMo. Gadana 'outside', MMo. gadaa id., Urd. gadaa id., Bur., Kalm. gazaa id., Mog. Gadana 'outside'; :1109 Ta. kaTa 'to pass through, exceed, overcome, go', kaTai `end, limit, gate, boundary'; Te. gaDuvu `term, limit', kaDa `end, last place', gaDapa 'threshold of a house'.
Mo. gaddas 'pale, post, peg', WMo. Gadasun id., MMo. qatasun id., Mong. gadase 'nail, wedge', Urd. gadusu 'post, peg', Bur. gadahan^ id., Kalm. gassn id. : 1370 Dr., Ta. kaZai 'poll, rod, stick, shaft of a bamboo', Ma. kaZa 'pole, bamboo', Ka. kaZa, kaZi, kaZuvu, gade, gadi 'bamboo rod, pole, stick', Te. gada 'pole, staff, rod, stick, stalk, mast', Pa. karcid (pl. karcil) wood for fuel; karpa 'thin stick, twig, bean stick', Ga. (Oll.) karsid, (S.) kadcil 'wood for fuel', karmet 'stick', id., Kond. gara 'pole, long stick'.
Mo. gol `river, riverbed' : 1828 Ta., Ma. ku(am `lake, tank, reservoir', Ka. ko(a `pond',Te. kolanu `lake, tank', kollu `a deep pond dug near a tank to supply water to the fields', Go.(Mu.) kol `tank', Ku. gluunj `a small pool, puddle'.
Mo. gallamta `hearth', WMo. Golumta id., Urd. gulumta id., Al.B. gulanta id. Kalm. golmta id.: 2133 Ka. kolime, kolume, kulime, kulme `fire pit, furnace', Te. kolimi `furnace'. The forms in Dravidian derived from the root, PD *kol- 'smithy, working in iron'.
Mo. xota 'city, livestock enclosure, pen, corral', WMo. qota id., MMo. qotan id., Bur. xoton^ id., Kalm. xotn id., Urd. goto id.: Dr. 2207 (a) Ta. kooTTai 'fort, castle'; kooTu stronghold'; Ma. kooTTa 'fort, residence'; kooTu 'fort'; Ko. kooT 'castle, palatial mansion'; To. kwaT 'bungalow'; Ka. kooTe 'fort, rampart'; (PBh.) kooMTe fort. Kod. kooTe 'palace'; Tu. kooTe 'fort'. Te. kooTa, (Inscr.) koTTamu id. Kw. (S.) kooTa 'palace, fort'. / Cf. Skt. kotta-, kota- fort, stronghold'; Also see, 2207(b): Ko. goor (obl. gooT-) wall. Ka. gooDe id. Tu. gooDe id. Te. gooDa id. Kol. (SR.) gooDa id. Kw. (S.) kooDa 'wall, prison'; (Isr.) kooDa 'wall'.
Mo. gal `fire' , Urd., Bur., Kalm. gal id., WMo. Gal id., Mong. gar id., Dag. gali id., Mog. Gool id. : 1500 PD *kaa-L (BhK); Dr. Ma. kaaLuka `to burn, flame', Te. kaalu `fire, burn';
Mo.id `(1) high point, height (2) magic, sorcery': 796 Ka. ettu `to lift, raise'. Te. ettu `to lift up, raise; n. height, elevation, weight, a load'. Kol. et- (ett) `to lift up'; Ta. ettu `to inveigle, lure, cheat'; Te. ettu `contrivance, trick, stratagem'.
Mo. ix, ixax `by large, grand, much, many, very': 768 Ka. ekkate `greatness, wonder, eminence'; Te. ekku `to increase, rise, accumulate', ekkudu `great, much, excessive', ekkuva `excess, more, much, very', ekkadi `noble, great, a hero'.
Mo. muSiix `to make faces', muSilzax `to farce a smile': 4904 Te. musi musi navvu `a smile' mus mus kowwana `to smile or half-laugh'. CDIAL 10227 muss areal etymology.
Mo. mOc `(1)quarter of an hour, (2) extremities (anat.)', mOcir `branch, twig': 4990 muzi `joint of the body, knee, knot in tress'; Ta. muri `knee, ankle, elbow'.Mo. mOn `to be' : 4778 Ta. mannu `to be permanent, stay', Te. manu `to live, endure'. Except for Telugu in all SCDr. and CDr. languages the cognate verb man- occurs in the sense of `to be', ex. Go. man `to be', Pe. men id. Nk. ( Ch. ) man `to be'. In NDr. it occurs in the sense of `to be' and `to become', ex. Kur. manna , Malt. mene , Br. manning.
Mo. mal `cattle': 4798 Ta. maa"u `ox', Ko. ma.¤ `senseless beast (cattle, buffalo), To. ma.¤ `jungle animals', also compare 4780 Ta. maa `animal, beast', Kod. ma.nï kuññi `a bull in mythology'.
Mo. mana `our' : 3647 Te. mana id. (obl. form of manamu `we incl.), Ta., Ma. naam (nam(m)-) `we', Kur. naam (nam-, nang-) `we incl.', Malt. nám (nam-) id., Br. nan `we'.
Mo. manan `fog, mist' : 4641 Ta. mañcu `white cloud, fog, dew', Ma. maññu `dew, mist', Te. mancu `frost, fog, mist'.
Mo. margaaS `tomorrow': 4766 Ta. maRu-naa( `next day, tomorrow', To. maR `next in time (day, month)', makol `tomorrow', Te. marunaa(u id. marusa"i `next in time (a day)', Kon. maRsa `the following (reference time)',.
Mo. martas `to forget': 4760 Ta., Ma. maRati `forgetfulness', Ta. maR-ant/pp `to forget', Ko. marv (mard-) id., To. marf (mar() id., Te. maRacu id., Kol. mad, matt id.
Mo. melmii `eye(s), eyeball' : 5429 Ta. mi(i, vi(i `eye, eyeball', vi(i `to open the eyes, wake from sleep', Ma. mi(i `eye, eyeball', mi(ikka `to look up/at', Ka. mi1/2, mi1/2a blinking, Te. mi(igu(lu (=kanugudlu)`eyeballs' (probably an older word for eye in the family), also Mo. melrex `to stare in amagement': Ka. mi1/2mi1/2ane `in a staring manner', Te. mi(igu(lu veesukoni cuu(u `stare in amagement'.
Mo. mexii `to bow, salute' : 5123 Ka. mo(gu, mokku `to bow, bend', Te. m(r)okku `salute', Nk. mokku `to bow down in reverence', Go. (S. Ko.) mo¤k `to salute, bow down, worship'
Mo. mod(un) `tree, wood'; WMo. modun 'tree'; MMo. mudun id., Dag. mood id., Mong. moodi id., Urd. mudu id., Bur. modon^ id., Mog. modun id., Kalm. modn id.;: 4711 Ta., Ma. maram `tree, wood, timber', Ka. mara id., Te. m(r)aanu id., Ga. (Oll.) mar, marin id., Go. mara, Pe., Mand. mar id., Kw. mraanu id.
Mo. moxoo `blunt, dull', moxox `to lose heart, to become blunt, dull', moxoox `to blunt, to dull'. : 5106 Te. mokka `blunt, pointless, not sharp', mokka boovu `to become blunt', Ta. mokkai `blunt', mokku `bluntness' (Cf. 5114).
Mo. muriu `crooked, awry, slanting, bent, curved' muruix `to bend, be crooked': 4977 Ta. muri to bend, n. curve, bend, Ka. 'to bend, be bent, grow crooked, crooked, meander, n. a bend, curve, Tu. muri `curve, circle, ring, twist', Te. murimu `to turn', Pa. murg `to be bent' (Cf. 5012).
Mo. muSgix to twist: 5012 Ta. muRukku, `to twist, twine' Ka. muruku `to give a different shape (to the face), change expression, twist, n. distortion', Kur. murka'ana `to sprain' (Cf.4976).
Mo. nair `friendliness, accord, concord, amity': 3602 Ta. naya `to desire greatly, love, be glad , pleasing, agreeable'; Te. neyyamu `love, friendship, affection', naya `beauty', nayamu `softness, smoothness, cheapness', neccali (<ney-celi) `friend', neyyari `friend'.
Mo. namdax `to calm down, abate subside, die down' namikh `to become quiet, still, to cease, die away': 3602. Te. nemmadi `tranquility'; Go. neyp- `to make smooth' (M.) nem `smooth'.
Mo. namilzax (1) `to soften, become soft': 3617 Ta. navu `to become soft, be soddended': 3618 Ka. navuru, navaru, naviru `soft, fine, thin'; Te. navuru `soft, delicate'.
Mo. nuxan `to work up, knead, to mash, grind, to kill': 3722 Ka. nuku `to push through, to shove'; Kod. nuk `to push'; Te. nuku `to prod, to push through'.
Mo. nyarai `newly born, recently born': 2919 Ta. naru `to appear, arise', naru `to sprout, shoot forth, come into being, be born'; Ma. naru `young plant'; Kod. nEr `(person or thing) rises up or comes to view'; Te. naru `young sprout, plants'; Konda. ner `to germinate': 3657 Ta. nal `youth, freshness'; Ka. nail, nalanalake `softness, smoothness'.
Mo. nyang `bacterium': 2906 Ta. nankuru `earthworm, slimy worms'; Ma. nannul, naNNul id. (nan + nul slimy + thread)'; Ka. (Hal.) nenjuli; Go. narwanj id. Compare: 3779 Ta. no `small, tiny, minute, thin', noy `grits, groats, smallness, minuteness, softness, lightness'; Te. nUgu `down, downiness, hairiness'; Kol. nuyung `smooth'.
Mo. Om buu `sound made by a cow or ox, noisy': 175 Ka. amba, ambe `the cry of a cow or calf'; Tu. amba `bellowing, lowing'; Te. amba id.
Mo. nOxOr `friend, comrade, companion', nOxOx `to patch, to make up for, to patch on a whole', nOxtsOx `to become intimate with, to be keen on, to become mad about': 3602 Ta. naya `to desire greatly, long for', nee `love, companion, mercy', neecan `friend, ally', Te. naya `gentle, soft', neccali `friend', neyyamu `friendship, love', nestamu id. (*naya < Pre-Dr. **naka).
Mo. nar `Sun', nyam `Sunday' : 2910 Ta. ñaayiRu `sun', Ma. ñaayiRu, ñaaRu id., Ka. nesaru id., Te. niir (in niire((a `sunshine') id.
Mo. OglO: `morning' : 3805 Ta. pakal `day, daytime, the morning', Ma. pakal `morning, daytime', Go. pial `day, daytime', Kur. pairii `morning', Malt. palgre `dawn' .
Mo. olon `many, a great number, a quantity' : 3987 Ta. Ma. pala `many, several, diverse', O.Ta. pal `many' (in compounds), Ka. pala, palavu, hala `much, many, several, various', Te. palu `many, several, multitude', Malt. palware `to be multiplied, be bred'.
Mo. or `trace, imprint' :4564 Ta. poRi `to impress, stamp, inscribe, be impressed, imprinted', n. `mark, impression, sign, token knowledge', Ma. poRi `sign, knowledge', To.(B.K.) pori `a trace made by plough in the soil of the field'.
Mo. oroi, orgil `summit, peak, top, roof, zenith : 4567 Ta. poRai, poRRai `mountain, hill', Ma. poRRai `a slight elevation in a rice field', Kol. pode `high, up, the top', Nk. pode `top, on', Nk.( Ch. ) por `hil, the top', Go. porro `on top', (M.) poro `top, upper part', Kur. partaa `mountain, hill'. Also compare 4595 Ka. bore `hill, hillock', Tu. boore `top of a hill'.
Mo. OrOm `skin, thin layer that forms on boiled milk' :4295 Te. pora layer, film, membrane, skin', Kon. poro `layer', Ta. puRai `cataract, a film on the eye', poRukku `flake skin, thin layer'.
Mo. OrO: `room, compartment' : 4294 Ta. purai `house, dwelling, small room', Ma. pura `house(a thatched house), hut, room', Kod. pore id.
Mo. OrO:sOn `one, one of the pair'; or `only, sole, completely, utterly': 990a Ta. Ma. Ka. oru/oor `one', Te. orima `friendship', orumu `united', Kw.(S.) ro `one', roosi `oneman', Kur. orot `oneman/woman', oraasari `equal', Br. asi", asi- `one', asike `once'.
Mo. OrOx `to place in order, dispose, put in line, arrange in a row, to lay bricks' :4446 Ta. piRakku `to heap, pile up', Ka. peeRu `to lift up and put upon, load, pile up', Te. peer(u)cu `to pile or load up, arrange in a column or row', peer(u)pu `piling or heaping up'.
Mo. SigYY(n) `thick, dense, compact' : 2488 Ta. cikkanavu `hardness, firmness', Te. cikkana `thickness, density', cikkani `dense, thick', Kon. sika `thickness of fluid'.
Mo. Sigdex `to get stuck in s`thing, to get bogged down in s'thing' : 2498 Te. cikku `to be entangled, ensnared', Kol.(Pat.) sikkeng `to get stuck', Pa. cirng id., Ka. sikku, sirku, silku `to become entangled, be caught'.
Mo. Sime 'to suck, sip', WMo. Sime id., MMo. Simi id., Mong. Semu 'to suck', Mog. sim id., Urd. Sime id., Bur. Seme id., Kalm. Sim id.: 2621 (a) Dr.: Ta. ciippu 'to suck', Ma. iimpu 'to suck, lick, sip', Ko. ciip- 'to suck out', Ka. ciipu, siipu 'to suck', Te. cii~ku, (K.) ciiku 'to smack, suck, place'; (B.) ciipu 'to make a soundwith the lips'; cibuku, (K. also) civuku 'to smack, suck.', Kur. ciipna (cippyas) 'to suck', Malt. cipe id.; Also see 2621(b) words of similar semantics but with labial vocalism, for ex. Ta. cuumpu/cuuppu.
Mo. savxi(n) `leather': Dr.: 2272 Ta. cakkili `caste of shoemakers', cakkiliyan `chuckler, worker in leather', cekkili `cobbler'; Ma. cakkiliyan `a Tamil shoemaker'; Ka. cakkala `skin, leather'; Kw.(S) jaqqelaasi: (Isr.) jakera `shoemaker'. Cf. Mar. sagal `goat's skin leather'.
Mo. saxxi 'to protect, watch', WMo. saqU id., MMo. saqi id., Dag. sagi id., Mong. sagi id., Urd. saki id., Kalm. saki id.: 2427 Ko. caak `to make to grow, rear, support', To. sook `to rear', Ka. saaku `to bring up, foster, rear, nurse, keep, protect, preserve', Kod. caak `to rear', Tu. saankuni `to foster, nourish, nurse, bringup, take care of, protect, shelter', Te. saaku `to rear, bring up, foster, educate, train up; saakudu rearing, bringing up'.
Mo. sain `good, well', sain sanga `goodness, kindness', sain zantai `good natured', sanxan `good, nice(ly), fine, beautiful(ly)': Dr. 2423. Ka. cannu cennu `straightness, beauty, grace, niceness, properness, elegance', canna, cenna `a man of beauty, a handsome man', fem-canni, canne cenne `handsomely, nicely, properly', canniga `a handsome, fine man'; Tu. canna `handsome, well'; Te. cennu `beauty, grace, elegance, manner, away': 2328 Ta. cantam `beauty, colour, shape, form, pleasure, happiness, manners, habits'; Ka. canda, cenda `pleasing, beautiful, lovely, charming, propriety, fitness, niceness, beauty, appearance, shape, form, kind, manner'; Tu. Canda `beauty, elegance'; Te. candamu `manner, state, way, condition', andamu `beauty', andagadu `a handsome man'.
Mo. selgex `to change, exchange, shift, alternative turns, (vowel interchange) to move from place to place', seluun `free (of streets, public place etc.) empty, not crowded', selex `to row a boat', selex `to change, alternate': 2781 Dr. Ta. cel `to go, flow, pass, occur, pass (as coin), be suitable, acceptable, pass away as time, disappear as anger, perish, die, n. career, course, payment of debt, period that has elapsed';
Mo. siilber `carving', siilex `to carve, to engrave', siiruulex `to thin, make thinner', siireg `not thick, thin, sparse, rarefier', siirex `to thinout, become thin', siix `to thin, to become widely spaced': 2503 Dr. cikker `to become lean, thin', cikal `to diminish, decrease, perish'; Tu. tirkuni `to be lean, weak', sirkuni `to fade, shrivel, become weak, lean, fall off', tirku, sirku `fading, weakness, faintness'; Te. cikku `to become lean or thin'; Pa. cing `declines after midday'; Go (Tr.Ph.) sirana `to grow thin', sirtor `weak', sir `thin'; Kond. sik(-t-) `to be reduced (as body), fail (in flesh), pine in fear, etc. also 2491, 1622.
Mo. SYYrde 'to sweep', SYYr 'broom', WMo. sigYrde 'to sweep', MMo. Si'ur id., Si'urgY 'broom', Mong. SU 'to sweep', Urd. SYYrde id., 2599 Ta. cii `to sweep off, brush away, ciikku 'rubbish', ciiku 'broom-grass', cipra 'a broom', Ma. cuul 'broom, besom', To. kiip 'broom', Ka. ciipari id., Kod. ciipe 'broom', Kor. (O.) tiippi `to sweep', Te. ciikili, ciipuru 'a broom', Kol. sabDi id., Nk. ( Ch. ) sabDi id., Pa. cepid id., Ga. (dial.) seepeT, ceepeD, sepe, seepeT id., Go. (Dial.) sayy, hey, hay, heyy, ey 'to sweep'; hepur, hepur, epor, epur 'broom', Kond. sipa `to sweep', siper 'broom', Pe. hip `to sweep'; hipos 'broom', Mand. heep `to sweep', heepur 'broom', Ku. seepa `to sweep', seperi 'broom, brush', Kw. heep `to sweep', (dial.) hepori, hapuri 'broom', Kur. ciicna `to rub for cleaning or drying, wipe away', cicrna `to wipe off', Malt. ciice `to wipe, clean'.
Mo. Singelex `to thin, dilute', Singen `thin, watery, weak (of fluids), thin, scanty, sparse (of hair, beard etc.)' :2503 Te. cikku `to become lean, thin', Ta. cinku `to diminish, wane, decrease, faint, fail, drop'.
Mo. Singe `to sink (of Sun going down), to set (of the Sun)',`to sink, soak in water, be absorbed, to dissolve, (of food) to digest, assimilate', WMo. sin^ge id., MMo. Sin^ge id., Dag. Sin^gen^ id., Urd. Singe id., Bur. Senge id., Mong. senge 'to tricle into, to infiltrate', Mog. sing 'go down (as sun)', Kalm. Sing id.: 430 Dr.: Ka. ingu `to be imbibed, sink into, dry up', Tu. inguni 'to sink, absorb', Te. inku, inuku `sink, imbibed, dry up', Ga. ink-er `water to be absorbed'. Mongolian forms seem to have retained the Pre-Dravidian-Mongolian word initial palatal.
Mo. Sorgolji 'ant', WMo. siGoljin id., Mong. Siorguojin id., Urd. Surguulji id., Al.B. Sorgolzon^ id., Kalm. SorGaljn id.: Dr. 2682 Pa. codda 'ant'; Ga. suydi id. Go. (D.) horri, (Mu.) harri black ant; (G.) hurri ant, red ant; (Mu.) hurri ant; (M.) huri, orang black ant; (Ko.) orngu a kind of poisonous ant; Pe. hoyda ant. Kui sodro a medium-sized black ant; (K.) horovanga (pl.) a species of biting ants. Kw. horla ant (= Kui sodro; cf. 994 Pe. Kuwi orli, Kui odri).
Mo. shigdex `to get stuck in sth; to get bogged down in sth': 2498 Dr.: Ta. cikku `to become entangled, be caught'; Ka. sikku, sigu, silku id. Te. cikku id., Go. (Tr.) hilk `to be caught up, entangled, or stuck in anything.
Mo. tanai `your': 3162 / 3196.
Mo. tasur `whip': 3138 Te. taratu `to whip, n. whip'; Kw.(F) tassali `to slap'.
Mo. tYy-mar 'fire, blast, conflagration', WMo. tYy-mer id., Urd. tYi-mer id., Al.B. tYY-mar id., Kalm. tYY-mr id.; : 3266 Ta. tii, tiiy to be burnt, charred, n. fire'; Ma. tii 'fire'; Ka. tii 'to burn, n. fire'; Te. tiiNDra 'heat, brightness'; Br. tiin 'scorching heat', tiruunk 'spark'.
Mo. teuiix `to straighten up, to smoothen out, unbent or stretched out': 3264 Te. tinna `straight, straightforwardly'; Go. tinang `straight'; Kon. Tinanga; Kw. (Sa.) tinanga id.
Mo. terga `cart, car' :3459 Ta. teer `temple car, vehicle, chariot', Ka. teer(u) `chariot, idol car', Tu. teeru `idol car, the car festival', Te. teeru id.
Mo. tongoix `to stoop, bend down, bow, incline the head': 3478 Dr.: Ta. tonku `to hang, be suspended, hang down, dangle, Ka. tongu `to hang (down), swing, stoop'; Te. tongu `to lie down, recline, bend, incline, sleep'; Kur. tangna `to suspend, hang'; Malt. tonqe `to bend'.
Mo. tulgax `(1) to press on, force on, (2) to put to place, to place against, to push against, (3) to exchange with same': 3519. Ka. tolagu `to go away, depart, go aside, or out of the way'; Te. tolagu `to move, get out of the way, go off, be removed, vanish'.
Mo. turgen `rapidly, fast, quickly, shortly, promptly': 3368. Tu. turuturu `swiftly, quickly', turita, turuta, turta `swiftness, haste, quick'; Te. turutu `haste, quickness', turru `haste', torapadu `to hasten'.
Mo. toga `amount, quantity, figure, number, numeral' : 3476 Ta. tokai `assemble, accumulate, form as a whole, be summed up, totalled, sum up, add, summarize', Ma. tuka `sum, whole amount, assembly, collection'.
Mo. tol(u)goi `head, tip, top of a hill, in the phrase per head' : 3103 Ta. Ma. talai `head, tip, top end', Ka. tale `head', Te. tala(kaaya) `head', Ku. tlau `head, hair of head', Kol. tal id.
Mo. tulgar `first, beginning, founding, new' :3516 Te. toli `beginning, commencement, first, former, previous, old, ancient, formerly, previously', tolakari `early rains, onset of rains', Ko. tolvi·r `first pregnancy', Ta. tol `old, ancient', tollai `antiquity, ancientness', Go. tolle `first'.
Mo. tuuy `feather, cotton' : 3393 Ta. tuuval `feather, quil', tuuvi `feather or down of birds', tuu `plumage', tuy `cotton',Tu. tuyi `feather, quil, plumage', Te. tuu-n-iiga `dragonfly (feathered fly)'.
Mo: ugj `feeding bottle'; Te. uggu ginne `feeding bottle'.
Mo. urxi `snare': 655 Ma. uri `a running knot, loop, noose'; Ka. ural, uril, id. `snare'; Te. uri `snare, halter;, Kond. uri `a trap for birds'; Kw. (F) urru `snare'.
Mo. utaan utax `smoke': 744 Ka. udra `smoke raised for driving mosquitoes'; Te. udara `smoke used to drive out or kill animals'.
Mo. urel `small, roll, drop', urex `to rub, to paste: 665 Ta. urai (-pp, -tt) `to wear out, to rub into a paste, grate'; Tu. urepuni id.; Te. ora `rubbing'.
Mo. ulaan^ `red', WMo. ulaGan id., Dag. ulaan^ id., Mong. fulan id., Urd. ulaan id., Bur. ulaan^ id., Kalm. ulaan id CM pula-Gan : 4371 Ta. Ma. puuval `red colour', also compare 4372 Ta. puuvan `red banana' and 4378 Ta. puuLai `red silk cotton, puulaa `red silk cotton tree'; Ma. puuLa id.
Mo. ulix `to howl' : 760 Ta. uuLai `howl of a dog or a jackal', Ma. uuLay id., Ka. uuL, uuLave `to howl', Te. uula id., Br. (h)uuling, huulaing id.
Mo. umba `to swim', WMo. umba id., Dag. umpa id. : Dr. 748 Pa. uum `to swim', Kon. imb/im- 'to fly', Pe. uum 'to swim, fly', Kw. uumba- 'to fly'.
Mo. ume `uterus', WMo. uma id., Urd. umaa id., Kalm. omaa id. : Te. umma niiru 'placental fluid.
Mo. uls, ulas `country, state, people, nation' : Dr. 4555 Ka. poZal `town, city', Te. proolu id. : 4558 Ta. poZil `park, forest, flower garden, earth, country, world, district', puuZil `earth', Ma. poZil `watered ground, flower garden'.
Mo. xOl `leg, foot', WMo. kOl id., MMo. kOl id., Dag. kUl id., Urd. kOl id., : 1479 Dr. Ta. kaal `leg, foot, quarter', Ka. kaal `foot, leg down to the knee, quarter', To. ko.l `foot, leg, quarter'; Te. kaalu 'leg, foot, quarter of an hour'.
Mo. xad `rock, stone' : 1298 Ta. kal (kar-, kan -) `stone, pebble, boulder', To. kas `stone', Go. (Mu.M.) kal (obl. kad-) id., Br. xal `stone, boulder'.
Mo. , Bur., Kalm. xadxa 'to sting, to prick', WMo. qadqu id., MMo. qatqu id., Dag. xarxu id., Mong. gasgu id., Urd. gadxu id.; 1124 Dr.: Ta. kaTi `to bite, bite off', Ma. kaTikka `to bite, chew', kati 'a bite', Ko. kayr- `to bite'; kayr, kayrl 'a bite', To. kory- `to have desire to scratch', Ka. kaDi `to bite, sting, itch', katu `a bite, cut', Kod. kaDi `to bite'; kadi `a bite', Tu. kaDe `to bite, champ, gnaw, grind', Te. kaaTu `biting, a bite, cut, notch', Go. (SR.) kaDDiy `to bite', Konda kaaT- `to bite, sting', Pe. kaaT- `to gnash', Kur. kaTT `to cut', Br. gaT `a bite'.
Mo. xadzaar `bridle'; WMo. qajaGar id., MMo. qada'ar id., Mong. gadar id., Dag. xadaala id., Urd. xadjar id., Bur. xazaar id., Mog. qadaar id., Kalm. xazaar id. : 1133 Ta. kaTivaaLam 'bridle, horse's bit'; Ma. kaTivaaLam 'bit', kaTinyaaNam 'bridle' To. kaDoNm id., Ka. kaDiyaaNa id. Tu. kaDivaaNa id., Te. kaLLiyamu, kaLLemu `bridle'; Go. kariyaari 'bit or bridle'.
Mo. Bur., Kalm. xatuu `hard, firm, stiff, solid', xatuudzix 'to harden, become hard'; Urd. gatuu id., Dag. Xatoo id., Mong. Xadon^ id., WMo. qataGu id., MMo. qata'u id. : 1148 Ta. kattu `to harden', Ka. kaDugu 'to become hard or solid', kaDasu 'hardness'; Tu. gaTTi, gaDusu 'firm, hard'; Te. kaTTu 'to become hard', gatti, gadusu 'hard, firm'; Kw. gatti 'hard', Ga. gattin id.
Mo. xaan, xagan, xan `king, ruler, monarch, Khan' : 2177 Ta. koon `emperor, king, great man, leadership', Ma. koo, koon, koomaan `king', Pa. kooc `king', ?Kur. koohaa `great, big, haughty, important, eminent in the rank, etc., koohar `elders, grandees, chiefs', (Hahn) koghaa `great one, elder relative', koghar `elders'.
Mo. xara `black' : 1395 Ta. kaaLai `blackness, darkness, stain, rust', Ma. kaaLa `blackness, stain, rust', kaaLu `black', Ka. kaaLangu `to turn black', kaaLe, kaaLi `blackness', Te. kaaLa `blackness, a stain, blot, black', kaaLi `black'.
Mo. xamar `(1) nose, (2) toe of a shoe, (3) the spur of a mountain': 4888 Ta. mukatu `top, highest part, ridge of a roof'; Te. mogadu `ridge of a roof', moru `peak'. Go. (W.Ph) mukur.
Mo. xaltar `(1) dirty, (2) combine with dirt, (3) stirred': 1303 Ta. kalur `to become turbid'; Te. kalagu `turbid (as any liquid)', kalata `agitation, turbidness'; Kur. xalxna `to be wet and muddy'; Malt. qalge `to disturb (as water), muddy'.
Mo. xaram `stingy, miserly, possessive of something': 1277 Ta. karumi; To. karyn `niqgardly person'; Ka. karba `miser'; Tu. karmbelu `stingy woman'. Kui. krada (kradi) `to be greedy, avarice'.
Mo. xoigur `to the north, behind to, in the rear, around the back', xoimor `the rear part of ager (tent) opp. of entrance. xoine `in the north, in the back or rear, afterwards, later, after, behind', xoit `mostly northern, back, behind, rear', xoiton `next year': 2182 Kur. xoxa `behind (of time, place), afterwards'; Malt. qOq `behind, at the back', qoqe `back', qoqte, qoqwa `the latter or last one'.
Mo. xoormog `thick sour milk, clabber'; Go. korop, korrop korrup `buttermilk'; Tu. kojapu `sour milk, curd'.
Mo. xoer `two, double, twins', WMo. qoyar 'two', MMo. qoyar id., Dag. xoyir id., Urd. xoyor id., Mog. qoyor id., Bur. xOOr id. : 1325 Ta. Ma. kavar `bifurcated branch, forked one', Ko. kovr id., Tu. kabaru id., Ka. kaval `couple, pair, Te. kava id., kavalu `twins'.
Mo. xavar 'spring', WMo. qabur id., Dag. xaur id., Urd. xavur id., Kalm. xawr id.: 1278(c) i1278(c): Ta. kaar darkness, cloud, rainy season', Ma. kaar 'darkness, black, cloud', Ko. kaar may 'rain of SW. monsoon', Ka. kaari 'rainy season;', Tu. kaarkala 'cloudy or rainy weather'; kaar mugalu 'dark cloud', Te. kaaru 'black, dark; season, time of year'.
Mo. xoli- `to mix, blend' : 1299 Ka. kali, kale `join, be mixed', Te. kalayu/kaliyu id., Go. kali- `to meet, join', kalp `to mix', Kur. khalnaa `to dilute, mix with water or other liquid'.
Mo. xool `food' : 1911 Ta. kuu( `food, thick porridge, gruel' Ka. kuu(, kuu(u `boiled rice, food', Te. kuu(u id., Mand. kuu¤ `gruel'.
Mo. xor `eye' : 1159 Ta. Ma. Ka. ka¸ `eye, operture, orifice', To. ko¸ `eye', Te. kannu id., Go. kan , ka¤ id., Br. xan id. xarink `tears'.
Mo. xumix `to fold up, gather up': 1741. Ta. kumi `to be heaped up, accumulate, gather'; Ka. gumi `heap, crowd, multitude'; Ka. gum, gumme `to assemble'. Pa. Kum. `to heap on to'.
Mo. xulgai 'thief', WMo. MMo. qulaGai id., Urd. XulagA id., Mog. qulaGEi, Kalm. XulXA id. : 2151 Dr. Ta. koLLai 'robbery'; Ko. koL id., koLgai 'thief'; To. kwYLy 'loot'; Kod. kooL 'pillage, plunder'; Ka. koLLe id.; Te. kolla id., kollari 'bandit, plunderer'.
Mo. xYY 'son, boy', WMo. keY 'son', keYken 'child, girl'; MMo. kOYn 'son', kOYken , kYYken 'child'; Dag. keYke 'son, child', Urd. kYY id. Bur. XYYXen^ 'girl', Mog. kOYn 'son', Kalm. kOkn 'girl'. : 1873 Dr. To. kuux 'girl, daughter'; Ka. kuusu 'infant, babe'; Kor. kuuje 'small boy', kuuji 'small girl'; Te. kuusu 'low, small', kuunturu, kuutu 'daughter'; Also see, 2030 Go. koko 'child', Kon. koko 'small, little', Kw. kokasi 'boy, child', Kur. kukkos 'boy, lad, young woman'.
Mo. , Bur. xYr 'to reach', WMo. kYr id., MMo. kYr id., Dag. kYr id., Mong kuru id., Urd. kYr id., Mog. kYrY 'to reach, arrive', Kalm. kYr 'to reach': i2814 Ta. cer `to join, attach, assemble', Ma. ceruka `to approach, come close, join', to make to arrive or join', Ko. cer- `to arrive, join, gathe', To. sor `to arrive', Ka. ser join, assembl', Kod. ser- `to join (intr.)', Tu. seruni `to arrive, reach', Te. ceru `to join, unite or approach, to reach, arrive at', Ga. ser- `to arrange, reach', Kond. serpu neighbourhood. ?Kui serna clingingly; serna ada to cleave to.', Kw. (S.) herinai `to reach; herpinai to deliver. ?', Kur. ker- (past stem of kana to go; see 1419). ?', Br. keb `nearness, vicinity; near; keb kanning to approach. ?'
Mo. xYytaan^ 'cold', WMo. kOl-dO, kOr 'to freeze', MMo. kOyiten id., Dag. kYiten^ id., Mong. kuidiAn id., Urd. kYYtOn , kYiten id., Al.B. XYyten^ id., Kalm. kYtn id. :1834 Dr. Ta. kuLir 'to feel cold, n. coldness', kuLircci, kuLirwwi id.; Ko. kuLak 'to feel cool or cold'; Ka. kuLir id.'.
Mo. xuraa 'to collect, gather'; WMo. quriya id., MMo. quri'a id., Dag. Xoree id., Mong., Urd., Kalm. Xuraa id. : 1882 Dr. Ta. kuuTu 'to join, meet, assemble'; Ko. kuuR 'gather, meet, assemble'; Ka. kuuDu 'join, meet', kuurisu 'to join'; Te. kuuDu 'to met, join', kuurcu 'to join, unite, amass, collect'; Kond. kuuR 'to join, meet, assemble'; Pe. kuuRa 'to assemble'.
Mo. xurga `lamb, lambskin', xurgalax `(of an ewe) to give birth, lambing' : 2165(a) Ta. koRi `sheep', Ma. koRi `a small kind of sheep', Ka. kuRi, koRi `sheep, ram', Tu. kuri id., Te. goRe, gorre, goRiya id., Go. (A.Ma.) gorre id., Kw. gorri id. Also compare: Mo. xoni `sheep'
Mo. xaduur 'sickle, scythe', WMo. qaduGur id., Mong. gadir id., Urd., Kalm. Xaduur id.: 2054 Dr. Ta. koTuvaaL 'sickle, battle axe, pruning knife'; Mal. koTu-vaaL 'hatchet, large splitting knife'; Te. koDavali 'sickle'; Kol. koDval, koDva id., Nk. koDval id.
Mo. yagaav 'why, what happened, what's the matter', yax `how', yaaxin `what', yaasan, yuun `what kind of', yuuc `whatever', yamar `what', yagaav `why, what happened, what's the matter', yu interrogative particle, ali `which', aliba `any', WMo. yaGun 'wwhat', yambar 'which', MMo. ya'un id., 'yambar', Dag. yoo 'what', yOm 'something', Mog. yaan 'what, which', yemar 'how', Urd. yuu 'what', yamar 'which', Bur. yuun^ 'what', yamar 'which', : 5151 Dr. PD *yA-w/*yA-H 'wh-': Ta. yaa, yaavai `what or which things', een `why, what', yaanku `how', yaa/e- interrogative base; Br. amar `how', amari `what manner') , Ka. hyaage `what manner', yaake `why'; Te. exi 'which nm.', evaDu 'who m.', etlaa 'how' etc. According to Krishnamurti (2003:256) the interrogative words meaning 'who, which, what, etc. have *yaH/*yAH as the underlying interrogative root. In the reconstruction the vowel following *y represents the neutralization of a and e, hence it is indicted by A.
Mo. yalax `to win a victory (over), defeat, conquer, vanquish, overcome': 5493. Ta. vel `to conquer, overcome, subdue, destroy, remove, excel'; Ma. velluka `to overcome, surpass, kill', venni, verri `victory', Cf. 1972. Ta. keli (-pp-, -tt) `to conquer, overcome'; Ko. gel- `to win'; Ka. gel id.; Te. gelucu `to win, gain, conquer'; Kol. gell `to win'.
Mo. yagan `pink, rosy, ruddy, violet', yagarax `to become pinkish, turn rosy'; Te. jeguru (gum) `red, violet, ruddy, etc'; Ta. sevuru id. `turn red'.
Mo. , Urd. yamaa 'goat', WMo. imaGan id., MMo. ima'an id., Bur. yamaan^ id., Mong. imaa id., Kalm. yamaan id. : Dr. 5087 Ka. meeke 'she-goat'; me. 'the bleating of sheep or goats'; Te. meeka, meeka 'goat'; Kol. meeke id.; Nk. meeke id.; Pa. meeva, (S.) meeya 'she-goat'; Ga. (Oll.) meege, (S.) meege 'goat'; Go. (M) meeka, (Ko.) meeka id. ? Kur. mexna (mixyas) 'to call, call after loudly, hail'; Malt. meqe 'to bleat'; Br. melh id. The cognates in Dravidian seem to correspond to Mongolian through metathesis (**ima > mee).
Mo. yavax `go, walk, go away, leave, depart' : 871 Ta. eeku `to go, pass, walk', Te. eegu `to go, proceed', Kur. eeknaa `to walk, direct or conduct affairs', Malt. éke `to go, move'.
Mo. Yer `flood, heavy rain, a river in flood, overflow' :5159 Dr. Ta. (y)aaRu `river, brook', Te. eeru id., Go. yeer `water', Kond. eej(u) `water'.
Mo. Odd 'feather', WMo. OdYn id., MMo. hOdYn id., Dag. YdYs id., Urd. YdY id. Kalm. OdY id., CM *pOdYn 'feather'; 4278 Go. (Mu.) putga feather; (Ph.) putga id., wing', Pe. putehin, putelin, butuhin (pl.) eyebrows'; Also see, 4358 Ma. puta down of birds, wool, fine hair', Ko. kambu 'eyebrow', Tu. (B-K.) pulle 'plume, feather', bur 'fur', Nk. bur 'down, fine feather', Pa. budul 'hair, fine feathers, down', Go. (A.) bura, (Y. S.) bura 'down', (L.) bura 'feather', (BB) burus 'feathers, down' Pe. bura 'small feathers, down, wool, pubic hair', Mand. burin pubic hair', Ku. buri, buru 'hair, fur, feather, wool', (K.) pruma 'feather', Kuwi burka 'down', Malt. (BB) purgu 'hair on the bodyr', Br. put 'hair'.
Mo. Ytaga 'vulva', WMo. YtYgYn id., MMo. hYtYgYn id., Mong. sdogu id., Urd. YtYgY id. Kalm. YtgY id., CM *pYtYgYn id. : 4273 Ta. puntai 'pudendum muliebre', Ko. pid id., To. pidy 'penis', Kuwi (F.) putki 'male organ'; Also see, 4379 Ta. puru, piru 'anus', Ma. puram, puru 'buttocks, membrum muliebre', Kod. puri 'female privates', Tu. puti id., Te. putti, puda 'anus', Br. pundu 'bottom of a receptacle, buttocks, anus'.
Mo. Yl `no, not, un-, in- ' : 2559 Ta. il `non-existence, illai `it is not, no', Ma. illa `does not exist, it is not, no, not', Pa. cila `does not exist', Go. (dial.) sille, hille, ille `not, no'.
Mo. Ydja 'to see', WMo. Yje id., MMo. Yje id., Dag. Ydzi id., Mong. udziA id., Urd. Ydzi id., Al.B. Yze id., Mog. Ydz- id., Kalm. YzY id. CM *Yje (< PreMo. *cYje) : 2735 Ka. cuupu seeing, sight, look, vision', Tu. tuupini, huupini 'to see, look, observe, examine, visit, seek, consider'; suuke 'perception, cognition, apprehension'; cuuTi, cuuTu 'perception'; (B-K.) tuula, suula, huula 'to see', Kor. (M.) cuu- id., Te.cuucu (cud-) 'to see, observe, behold, look at, view', Pa.cuur- to see', Ga. (Oll.) suur-, (S.)cuud-, (S.3) suud- id., Go. (A. Y.) suur-, (Tr. M.) huurana, (Ph.) hurana, (W.) hurana, (G. Mu. S.) hur-, id., Ko. uur- 'to see', Kond. suur- id., Mand. hur- id., ku. suur id.', Ta.cuuZ 'to consider, know'.
Mo. Yr `seed, fruit, result, child'; CM *pYre 'seed, fruit, descendent', Dag. hure 'seed', WMo. Yre id. : Dr. 4153 Pa. pidka 'seed, single grain', Go. (SR.) pede 'seed', (S.) pere seed, grain', (Mu.) pare, (Ko.) perem, penem(i) 'seed of fruit', (Tr.) panne 'small seed of any plant', (Ch.) pane 'seed', Koya (Su.) pendu 'seed'. See. 4418 Go. pereka id.
Mo. zar `declaration, , advertisement': 2486 Ta. carru `to publish, announce, explain in detail, speak, mention, praise'; Ka. saru `to cry out, proclaim aloud, publish'; Tu. sariyuni `to proclaim, publish, preach, warn'.
In the following a summary of the patterns of phonological correspondences between Dravidian and Mongolian as illustrated by the above etyma is presented in a somewhat simplified manner. Correspondences for long vowels are excluded from this list. Under Mongolian the main Correspondences are listed in the first column followed by secondary and so on so forth.
PD CM
*a *a, e
*i *i, e
*u *u, Y
*e *e, E, i
*o *o, O, u
*k *x, g, -Ø-
*n^ *n^-[#, -[g
*c *s, S, (z)
*ñ *n t-, d-
*T *t, d, r
*N *n, r
*t *t, d -Ø-
*n *n, t-, d-
*r *-r,(S)
*p Ø, b
*m *m, b-
*y *y, (z-), Ø
*R *-r, -d
*l *-l, -s, (-d)
*L *-l, -s
*Z *-l, -s, (-z)
The following symbols are used to represent some of the Mongolian sounds for typographical ease: Y = ü; O = ö; E = ë.
APPENDIX
The distant genetic relationship that is proposed here and the evidence provided with correlate surprisingly well with those of the genetic distances arrived at recently by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1991) studying the mitochondrial gene mutation among various populations of the world. This work will have important bearing on the findings of similar studies both in Historical linguistics and evolutionary biology.
The linguistic relationship proposed here finds a striking parallel in a recent classification of human populations based on biological evidence involving the use of mitochondrial genes which are passed on to offspring almost exclusively by the mother. This simple mode of inheritance makes mitochondrial genes very convenient for the estimation of genetic distance. They have higher mutation rates comparable to linguistic innovations. Mitochondrial genes were found (Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, 1991) to undergo mutation at constant rates again comparable to linguistic cognates. The analysis of such genetic data were found in correlation surprisingly well with that of the geneological classification of linguistic data. The genetic mapping of various populations of the world based on this genetic data place Dravidian language speaking populations of South India close to Mongolians separated only by Lapps and Samoyeds. The current study provides linguistic evidence to this. This, perhaps is the most striking example of distant genetic relationships in Linguistics correlate very well with the results of mitochondrial genetic studies in biology.
COLOPHON : I am grateful to Lyle Campbell who has read the earlier draft of this paper and suggested a number of modifications to strengthen the hypothesis presented here.
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