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The features of BhalavaLi Bhasha which are diverting from its
Original source, the standard Marathi, and diverting towards Dravidian Languages
Dr. Varija. N
University of Delhi
BhalavaLi Bhasha is the name of the dialect spoken by Bhalavalikar Saraswath Brahmins in D.K. district of Karnataka state. These people are migrated from BhalavaLi village of Rathnagiri district in Maharashtra state. The location where these people live is surrounded by the Dravidian language speakers like Kannada and Tulu. Hence Bhasha is highly influenced by those local languages, and it gradually looses its Marathi features and tends towards Dravidian features. Here, an attempt is made to show the deviating features which are the examples to show the convergence features The study is done on the various linguistic levels like Phonology, Morphology and Syntax.
1.Phonology
1.1.consonant-ending words of Marathi have changed into vowel ending.
Marathi has both consonant ending and vowel ending words. BhalavaLi Bhasha has changed the consonant ending words of Marathi into vowel ending words using a high central vowel/I/.
Ex;
Nouns
Marathi BhalavaLi Bhasha gloss
pustak pustakI ‘book'
poot pootI ‘stomach'
naak naakI ‘nose'
kaapus kaapoosI ‘cotton'
daar daarI ‘door'
duud duudI ‘milk'
ghAAr ghAArI ‘house'
Verbs
mhAAn mhAAnI ‘say'
uut uutI ‘get up'
haans haansI ‘laugh'
rAAD rAADI ‘weap'
kAAr kAArI ‘do'
sooD sooDI ‘leave'
1.2 Change in the Phonological pattern
BhalavaLi Bhasha maintains length distinction between long and short unrounded mid central vowels /A/ and long and also short unrounded low back vowels /a/
The above four vowels are significant phonemes in BhalavaLi Bhasha. We get minimal pairs to show the distinction between the quantity of the length and the quality of the vowels in BhalavaLi Bhasha. Where as in Marathi, we get only short unrounded central vowel and long unrounded back vowel.
Ex;
Distinction between /A/ and /a/
kArtAsA ‘you are doing'
kArtasa ‘he is doing'.
sArALI ‘rod' singular
saraLI ‘rods' plural.
Distinction between /a/and /aa/
kharaTTI ‘ the thing which is salty'
khaarantI ‘in the salty solution'
Distinction between /AA/ and /aa/
sAArI ‘chain'
saarI ‘the soup'
mAArI ‘die'
maarI ‘beat'
1.3.Loss of aspiration
Though BhalavaLi Bhasha maintains aspiration significantly, it has lost aspiration in certain Marathi words where as standard Marathi retains this sound
Ex:
Standard Marathi BhalavaLi Bhasha gloss
waagh waagI ‘tiger'
khiDki kiDki ‘window'
khursi kursi ‘chair'
ghaDiyaal gaDiyaarI ‘clock'
vaaghuuL vaaglE ‘bat'
ghaabri gaabri ‘worry'
1.4. Palatal affricates in the place of dental affricates.
Standard Marathi uses dental voiced and voice less affricates where as BhalavaLi Bhasha uses either palatal affricates or the dental stops in this place.
Eg; Marathi BhalavaLi Bhasha gloss
tsAAl cAAlI /tAALI ‘walk'
tsAmtsa cAmcO /tAmtO ‘spoon'
dzaa jaa /daa ‘go'
2. MORPHOLOGY:
2.1 Numerals
BhalavaLi Bhasha speakers use only primary native numbers. Hardly they can count up to 35 in their language and they use Kannada numbers above 35.While telling the time year etc. they use Kannada.
Eg:
Saaavirada ombaynuura aruvattanee isvi-ntI maayica mhaynentI
One thousand-of nine hundred-of sixty –th year-in (loc). maayi-of (gen.) month in (loc.)
dhaa jaantaisa donpara yeraDuvaresI mi upajlE
ten going-that day noon -at two-and half-to I born
I am born on the tenth of mayyi month in 1960.
The year, month and the time are not Marathi words.
2.2.Numbers
Standard Marathi has two numbers. Singular and plural. They also use honourophic singular for any unknown persons and all elders. BhalavaLi Bhasha too has honourophic singular form, which is used, only in restricted situations i.e. a female uses this form for her husband, husbands elder brother and parents in-law. A male uses this form only to his parents in law. This is because of the influence of a Kannada dialect called Havyaka dialect.
2.3. Borrowing local Kannada verb along with local causative suffix and adding native Marathi suffixes.
Eg:
Gloss K annada root Kannada causative suffix Marathi causative suffix
‘Carry' saagu + isu evI saagsevI
‘Write' bare + isu evI barsevI
‘Show' kaaNu + isu evI kaaNsevI
‘booLu' empty + isu evI booLsevI
‘soolu' defeat + isu evI soolsevI
‘baggu' bend + isu evI bAggsevI
‘nooDu' see + isu evI nooDsevI
‘haaru' jump + isu evI haarsevI
‘achieve'saadh -isu evI saadsevI
‘strain' gaaL-isu evI gaaLsevI
‘disturb' piiD-isu' evI piiDsevI
This process is applicable even for some of the native verbs.
Eg:
‘roll' looLI + isu evI looLsevI
‘search' soodI + isu evI soodsevI
‘to wear flowers' maaLI + isu evI maaLsevI
2.4 Gender.
The Std. Marathi follows grammatical gender system. It has masculine, feminine and neuter genders. BhalavaLi Bhasha too has three categories of nouns. These nouns are categorized on the bases of the pronouns they take. But they cannot be classified as masculine feminine and neuter since the natural feminine.
The pronouns for illustration.
Std. Marathi BhalavaLi Bhasha
Sg pl Sg Pl Pro. Rem. Pro. Rem. Pro. Rem. Pro. Rem.
M. ha to he te hO tO he te
F. hi ti hya tya hE tE hi ti
N. he te hi ti hi ti hO/hyO tO/tyO
The feminine and neuter nouns are mixed up. Hence we can categorize these nouns as masculine and non-masculine. This is due to the influence of Havyaka dialect of Kannada, which has high and non-high gender.
2.5 Separate case markers for accusative and dative cases.
Std. Marathi uses the case markers /-la/ which functions as dative as well as accusative. Where as BhalavaLi Bhasha uses /-le/ as dative and /-sI/ and /-jI/ as dative markers. The dative marker cannot be used in the place of accusative and vice versa is also not possible.
Eg;
maajI maaru naka
me-acc beat negative
do not beat me
* maale maaru naka
maajI koNale dentAsI?
me-acc.to whom do you give?
To whom do you give me?
* maale koNale dentAsI
This is due to the influence of Kannada, which has separate case markers for dative and accusative cases. Interestingly BhalavaLi Bhasha has started using accusative subject in the place of dative subject of Std. Marathi.
3. SYNTAX
3.1 Dropping of Aux. Verb ‘be' in present tense conjugated forms.
Standard Marathi uses the Aux. verb/ aahe /, where as Bh. Bhasha drops it,
Ex.
Std. Marathi Bh. Bhsha Kannada
mii Tiicar aahe mii TiicarI naanu Tiicaru
I teacher be I teacher I teacher
The copular verb /aahe/ functions as Aux. verb in Std. Marathi. It is dropped in BhalavaLi Bhasha since it is not available in Local Kannada.
3.2.The Agreement between the Subject Noun and the Object Noun, with the verb .in [+ tra. construction.
The Std. Marathi verbs maintain agreement with object noun, and Kannada verbs maintain agreement with subject nouns, where as Bh. Bhasha verbs maintain agreement with both subject noun and object nouns.
Eg:
Std. Marathi. the verb /khaa/ is conjugated in its past tense.
mii keel kha-ll-e. mii keeli kha-l-ya
I banana eat-past-P.N.G. I bananas eat-past -P.N.G.
ami keel kha-ll-e. ami keeli kha-l-ya
we banana eat-past-P.N.G. we bananas eat-past-P.N.G.
tuu keel kha-ll-e. tuu keeli kha-l-ya
you banana eat-past-P.N.G. you bananas eat-past-P.N.G.
tumi keel kha-ll-e. tumi keeli kha-l-ya
you (pl) banana eat-past-P.N.G. you (pl) bananas eat-past-P.N.G.
tine keel kha-ll-e. tine keeli kha-l-ya
she banana eat-past-P.N.G. she bananas eat-past-P.N.G.
tyane keel kha-ll-e. tyane keeli kha-l-ya
he banana eat-past-P.N.G. he bananas eat-past-P.N.G.
tyanni keel kha-ll-e. tyanni keeli kha-l-ya
they banana eat-past-P.N.G. they bananas eat-past-P.N.G.
Kannada
naanu baalehannu tin---d---e naanu balehannugalannu tin -d -e
I banana eat- past-P.N.G. I bananas eat-past P.N.G.
naavu baalehannu tin---d---evu naavu balehannugalannu tin -d -evu
we banana eat- past-P.N.G. we bananas eat-past P.N.G.
niinu baalehannu tin---d---i niinu balehannugalannu tin -d –i-
you banana eat- past-P.N.G. you bananas eat-past P.N.G.
niivu baalehannu tin---d--iri niivu balehannugalannu tin -d -iri
you(pl) banana eat- past-P.N.G. (pl) bananas eat-past P.N.G.
avanu baalehannu tin---d--a avanu balehannugalannu tin -d -a
he banana eat- past-P.N.G. he bananas eat-past P.N.G.
avalu baalehannu tin---d--alu avalu balehannugalannu tin -d -alu
she banana eat- past-P.N.G. she bananas eat-past P.N.G.
avaru baalehannu tin---d—a-ru avaru balehannugalannu tin -d -aru
they banana eat- past-P.N.G. they bananas eat-past P.N.G.
The verb /tin/ agrees with the number abd gebder of the subject and not with the object.
Bhalavali Bhasha
mii keele kha-ll-e mii keeli kha- ll- i
I banana eat-past-N.G. I bananas eat-past-N.G.
ami keele kha-ll-e ami keeli kha- ll- i
we banana eat-past-N.G. we bananas eat-past-N.G
tuu keele kha-ll-e-sI tuu keeli kha- ll- i-sI
you banana eat-past-N.G. you bananas eat-past-N.G
tumi keele kha-ll-e-dI tumi keeli kha- ll-e-dI
you(pl) banana eat-past-N.G. you(pl) bananas eat-past-N.G
tine keele kha-ll-i -nI tine keeli kha- ll- i-nI
he/she banana eat-past-N.G. he/she bananas eat-past-N.G
teni keele kha-ll-e-ni teni keeli kha- ll-e-n i
they banana eat-past-N.G. they bananas eat-past-N.G
/-e-/non masc. gender sg. marker and /-i-/ non masc. gender pl. marker of the object.
/sI/ 2 sg. marker and /edI/2pl marker. of the subject.
3.3.Negation.
The negative forms conjugated for the verb /jaa/ ‘go' in its future tense is taken here, for illustration to show the convergence features with Kannada.
Though the affirmative forms show the agreement the corresponding negative forms do not show any agreement in Std. Marathi. But Bhalavali Bhasha has developed agreement in P.N.G. because of the influence of the local Kannada. We can see the agreement of P.N.and G. in Kannada,
Eg: Std. Marathi Kannada Bhalavali Bhasha
Affir. Neg. Affir. Neg. Affir. Neg.
1sg. dzayin dzanaar nahi jaayinI jaayina hooguve hooglaare
1pl, dzaavu dzanaar nahi javuu jaayinO hooguve vu hooglaarevu
2sg. dzasil dzanaar nahi jaansisI jaaynasI hooguvi hooglaai
2pl dzaala dzanaar nahi jaadI jaayinadI hooguviri hooglaariri
3sg.(m)dzayil dzanaar nahi jayidI jaayina hooguva hoogalaara
(f)dzaatil dzanaar nahi jaayidI jaayina hooguvalu hoogalaaralu
3pl. dzaatiil dzanaar nahi jaantidI jaaynadI hooguvaru hoogalaararu
Std. Marathi has same neg. forms for any person number and gender. Where as BhalavaLi Bhasha has developed different forms with the P.N.and G. as in Kannada.
3.5. Backward control
The following sentences show that backward control is possible in Std. Marathi where as in BhalavaLi Bhasha it is not possible.
Std.Marathi.
ama-la [PRO] dilli-t evuun doon divas dzaale
we-dat. Delhi-loc. having come two days happened.
BhlavaLi Bhasha
ami dilli eevnI doon diisI jale
we-. Delhi- . having come two days happened.
*ama-le [PRO] dilli-nt eevunI doon diisI jale
we-dat. Delhi-loc. having come two days happened.
Only backward control is possible in the case of BhalavaLi Bhasha.
3.6. Accusative subject,
As it is told earlier BhalavaLi Bhasha has developed separate case suffixes for dative as well as accusative cases. We can observe the accusative subject in this language.
Eg
Raama-sI bassa-rI jaavun-cE khusi honta.
Ram-a ccusative bus-loc going happy happens
Ram enjoys travelling in bus.
In the place of the dative subject of Std. Marathi, raamaa-la BhalavaLi Bhasha has accusative subject. This accusative subject exhibits all the properties of the dative subject of Std. Marathi.
- An antecedent to an anaphor
Eg.
rama-sI te-ca voorI ccI koopI ailO
Ram-acc. he-gen on emph. angry came
Ram got angry on himself.
In this case Std. Marathi has the subject -raama-la
.raam aNi siita ekTe-ca voorI ekTe koopLi
Ram and Sita one -gen.on one got angry.
Ram and Sita got angry with each other
The subject N.P. Ram and Sita is the antecedent for ekTeca voorI ektesI ‘each other'.
2.The accusative subject also functions as controller to PRO
The features of BhalavaLi Bhasha which are diverting from its original source , the standard Marathi, and diverting towards Dravidian languages.
Synopsis.
BhalavaLi Bhasha is the name of the dialect spoken by Bhalavalikar Saraswath Brahmins in D.K. district of Karnataka state. These people are migrated from BhalavaLi village of Rathnagiri district in Maharastra state. The location where these people live is surrounded by the Dravidian language speakers like Kannada and Tulu. Hence Bhasha is highly influenced by those local languages, and it gradually looses its Marathi features and tends towards Dravidian features. Here, an attempt is made to show the deviating features .which are the examples to show the convergence features. The study is done on the various linguistic levels like Phonology, Morphology and Syntax.
1 PHONOLOGY.
1.1The use of high central vowel I in final position of a word to make it vowel ending instead of consonant ending.
1.2.Change of phonological pattern i.e, Significance of length in unrounded mid central vowel/A/ and unrounded low back vowel /a/
1.3. Loss of aspiration in certain vocables.
1.4. Change of affricated sounds in to fricative sounds.
2. MORPHOLOGY.
2.1.Numerals;
BhalavaLi Bhasha has borrowed a good number of higher numerals from Kannada.
2.2.Number;
Restriction in the usage of 2hon.sg. form.
2.3 borrowing of certain local roots and causative suffixes and adding the native causative suffixes in the formation of causative verbs.
3.SYNTAX
2.1 Dropping of auxiliary verb in present tense sentences.
2.2.Maintaining the agreement between the subject noun and also the object noun with the verbs in [+transitive] construction.
2.3.Developping various P.N.G. markers in negative forms. Standard Marathi has same negative markers for any person, number, or gender.
But BhalavaLi Bhasha has developed different P.N.G. markers due to the influence of Kannada since Kannada has different markers for different person, number and gender..
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